Influence of Baroque Music to Classical Music Essay

Music of any period reflects, in its own way, some of the same influences, tendencies, and generative impulses that are found in the other arts of that time (Donna, 2005). Thus the word â€Å"baroque,† usually used despairingly by eighteenth-century art critics to describe the art and architecture of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, came to be applied also to the music of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. After some years after the death of Johann Sebastian Bach, the ornate, formal and strict form of the High Baroque became â€Å"old-fashion† and lost its favor. Music slowly began to change form the style and forms of the High Baroque to a simpler yet tuneful form around 1750. The period following the Baroque is called the Classical period. The transition to the new styles and forms of Classical music was, like all transitions, rather complicated. The use of the baroque bass figure lost its taste and became obsolete. The preference of a simple structure rather than polyphonic constructions became dominant most especially in secular music. There was also a preference for one clear melodic line without melting with many others. Although baroque music differs greatly from classical music, they have striking similarities as evident in specific styles and forms. Though Classical composers tend to avoid the antiquated Baroque, one cannot fully abandon the styles and forms of the immediate predecessors. Instead, these styles were further developed to form a new meaning and use on the new musical structure. Forms like the opera and orchestra revolutionized—the former branching out from serious to variety, and the latter have a complete upheaval. Moreover, on the late Classical period, great composers such as Beethoven and Mozart studied the works of Baroque composers Bach and Handel. The later works of the classical composers were characterized of having innovative yet powerful polyphony inspired by Bach’s masterpieces, and contrapuntal melodic lines imbued with the oratorios and suites of Handel. General characteristics of baroque music Baroque composers were united in a common goal: to express or represent a wide range of feelings vividly and vigorously. They sought musical means to express or arouse the affections.  Rather than they express their personal feelings, composers wanted to represent human emotions in a generic sense (Norton, 2010). The music is regarded for its distinct, formal compositional styles and forms. Style Various styles laid the foundation of baroque music. Expressive and expansive in melody yet deeply rooted in chordal harmonies, baroque music is typically highly rhythmical and quite easy to listen to. The comfortable regularity and lively rhythmic qualities of much of baroque music have made it appealing to many modern listeners. For more detailed listeners, one can interpret the music having poignant and stirring melodies, engaging conversation-like dialogues in sound, and rich harmonies and textures (Daniels & Wagner, 1975). Modality was replaced by tonality which gave a strong feeling of joy or lament. In 2008, Ferris explains that composers developed and theoreticians articulated the tonal system, in which every note of the major or minor scale bears a specific relationship to every other note, and all of the pitches are more or less similar to the tonic. Composers at that time recognized and utilized triad chords as an entity, which resulted to meaningful and consonant units of sound. The use of triads most especially the three principle chords (tonic, dominant, and subdominant) paved a stable and harmonic direction to tonal music (The Baroque Period). Thus, the tonal system of harmony was wholly adopted during the seventeenth century. In addition, the continuous use of the polyphonic texture during the Early Baroque was revolutionized to form a new texture—the homophony. Imitative polyphony (more than one melodic line) was an extremely important factor in writing and playing music (The Baroque Era, Kamien, 2008). New forms of polyphonic music were developing because baroque composers felt that the art of counterpoint was essential to their artistry. On the other hand, the homophonic method (a musical technique that displays a vast separation amongst the melody line and the accompaniment) was gaining acceptance and use quite rapidly (The Baroque Era). The homophonic musical style played a significant role in opera and solo vocal music because it ocused the listener’s concentration in the poetic melody of the singer. Most pieces in baroque music have the basso continuo which gave way to uniformity and unity. Basso continuo, or figured bass, is an accompaniment which consists of a bass part with numbers which specify the chords to be played above it. Musical works containing a continuo part helped to convey harmonic support of chords under the melodic line (The Baroque Era). Kamien (2008) states that basso continuo is usually played by at least two instruments: an organ or harpsichord and low melodic instrument like the cello or bassoon. Kamien (2008) also adds that â€Å"the organist of harpsichordist plays the bass part with the left hand which is also played by the cellist or bassoonist. With the right hand, the keyboard player improvises chords or melodic line by following the numbers. Because the numbers only indicate a basic chord, the performer has a wide field of freedom. † With continuity of rhythm and melody, baroque music also features continuity of dynamic level. This means that the volume stays the same for a period of time, and then there is a sudden shift to a different dynamic level. There are no gradual changes in dynamics (such as a crescendo or decrescendo). Terraced dynamics were used as the main keyboard instrument was the harpsichord, which could only be played in two modes, either forte (loud) or piano (soft), precluding the ability to accomplish crescendos or decrescendos (Kamien, 2008). Moreover, baroque composers fashion their work with different kinds of ornamentation. For Baroque musicians, ornamentation is not merely decoration that has no intrinsic value but rather the chief way of moving affections. One should, therefore, try in his ornamentation, as in all other aspects of his interpretation, to effectively communicate the sense of the music. In a lyrical movement, baroque performers intensify the expressiveness through the use of smooth melodic ornaments and appoggiaturas, in a brilliant movement, incorporate virtuosic ornaments, and in a movement that seems complete, add almost nothing besides essential cadential trills (www. musebaroque. fr). Eventually, both vocalists and instrumentalists recognized the principal ways of ornamenting a melodic line. First, brief formulas called ornaments—such as trills, turns, appoggiaturas, and mordents—were added to certain notes to emphasize accents, cadences, and other significant points in the melody (Norton, 2010). Second, more extended embellishments—such as scale and arpeggio passages, and other types of flourishes—were added to create a free and elaborate paraphrase of the written line (Norton, 2010). Forms In 1573, a group of musicians and intellectuals came together to discuss various subjects, especially the desire to revive Greek drama. This group of individuals is known as the Florentine Camerata, they wanted lines to be sung instead of simply being spoken (Styles of the Baroque Period). The group developed a new vocal style based on the music of the ancient Greek tragedy. This new style followed the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech. It was sung by a soloist with only a simple chordal accompaniment and was, thus, homophonic; the Camerata rejected polyphony because it would obscure the all-important text (Kamien, 2008). Together with the opera, the oratorio stands as a major development in baroque vocal music. Like opera, the oratorio is a large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra usually performed during the Lenten season in the oratory, from which its name was derived; it is usually set to a narrative text. Oratorio differs from opera in that it has no acting, scenery, or costumes. Most oratorios are based on biblical stories, but usually they are not intended for religious services (Tovey, 1956) The genre reached its heights in the late baroque period in the works of George Frederic Handel such as the Messiah with its well-known chorus of continuous praise of Hallelujah. Likewise, the baroque mass is an instrumentally accompanied vocal music tended to be a conservative musical form. As the seventeenth century progressed, masses began to incorporate concertato style and to have instrumental accompaniments. These developments led to the five masses of J. S. Bach, whose B Minor Mass is one of the towering monuments of Western music (Daniels & Wagner, 1975). One of the most significant aspects of the Baroque period was the emergence of independent instrumental music. Its development was not entirely what the Florentine composers had intended; â€Å"the new forms†, Kitson (1966) stated, â€Å"were by-products of reform†. The use of the modal system was broken down, and establishment of the major-minor tonality were considered. But, the old contrapuntal style was not abolished entirely. The known form of during the Baroque is the fugue. According to Kamien (2008), a fugue, written for a group of instruments or voices, or for a single instrument, is a polyphonic composition which is based on one theme called subject. Composers wrote fugues both as independent pieces and as sections within preludes or toccatas (Norton 2010). Throughout a fugue, different melodic lines, or â€Å"voices†, imitate the subject. Fugue subjects usually have a clearly defined character and a lively rhythm. Music that had become associated with various social dances began to separate itself and became a type of independent instrumental music. The baroque suite is a set of dance-inspired movements, all in the same key but different in tempo, meter and character. It is performed by a solo instrument, a small group of instruments, or an orchestra (Wright, 2008). The movements of a suite are usually in AABB form. The section A, which starts from the tonic key then shifts to the dominant, is balanced by the section B, which starts from dominant then shifts to the tonic (Kamien, 2008, p. 103). Moreover, the orchestra during the baroque period was a performing group on instruments of the violin family. The baroque orchestra was consisted of ten to thirty or forty players. At its core were the basso continuo and upper strings. The use of woodwind, brass and percussion instruments are variable depending on the demand of the piece to be played. An aria (in English works sometimes called an â€Å"air†) signifies a melody apart from the harmony, but especially a musical composition for single voice or instrument, with an accompaniment of other voices or instruments. The aria in Bach’s suites is a short binary movement in a flowing rhythm in not very slow common or duple meter (Tovey, 1956). Influence of baroque music to classical music In the middle of the 18th century, Europe began to move toward a new style in architecture, literature, and the arts, generally known as Classicism, which sought to emulate the ideals of Classical antiquity and especially those of Classical Greece. Changes in musical perception on style and form are likely caused by a sum of economic, religious, sociological and political factors. It is interesting to examine the music created within the hazy boundaries between the periods. Style Norton (2010) believes that â€Å"at its best, Classical music reached a consistently high standard and possessed the qualities of a noble simplicity, balance, perfection of form, diversity within unity, seriousness of purpose, and use of ornamentation. † The transition to the new style was rather complicated. There was a general relaxation of formality, and for a while nothing much to take its place (Daniels & Wagner, 1975). The relaxation in the court life favored the Rococo (derived from the French word rocaille referring to the artificial rockwork), a reaction to the formalism, rigidity, and seriousness that had become characteristics of the Baroque, and a decorative style that was lighter, smaller in scale, and wittier than the Baroque (Daniels & Wagner, 1975, Kitson, 1966). The melody most typically consisted of a series of a series of short motives, repeated several times and cast in four or eight measure phrases. The melody is also generously supplied with a variety of trills, mordents, and the like. Classical music is basically homophonic. It seemed a proper alternative to the heavy polyphonic textures of the High Baroque. However, texture is treated as flexibly as rhythm. Pieces shift smoothly or suddenly from one texture to another. A work may begin homophonically with a melody and simple accompaniment but then change to a more complex polyphonic texture that features two simultaneous melodies or melodic fragments imitated among the various instruments. In addition, polyphony was piously maintained when it came to church music. It was used for intensification, contrast, and development in the late works of Haydn and Beethoven The most far-reaching event of Rococo music was the development of the simple two-part dance form of the Baroque, through a gradual enlargement and refinement, to the sonata-form of the Classical period. The end result was a form that remained in a dominant position in the field of instrumental music for almost two hundred years (Kitson, 1966). Indeed, it is a marvel of structural flexibility, capable of the greatest conceivable variety of expressive content. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was generally cast in a form consisting of three movements arranged in fast-slow-fast sequence. In sonatas and other pieces for violin, gradual increases and decreases of dynamics had long been employed; a theorist addressed the problem of crescendo and decrescendo receiving considerable attention. The Italian opera orchestra, too, had been familiar with swelling of tone. The solution is the borrowing a baroque style. Terraced dynamics had provided composers with one means of achieving contrast. Operas employing this device were widely performed throughout Europe. Form The practice of the baroque era was the standard against which new forms was measured, and there came to be a division between sacred works, which held more closely to the Baroque style from secular works, which were in the new style. A new orchestra developed during the classical period. It was a standard group of four sections: strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion unlike the baroque which could vary from piece to piece. The number of musicians in a classical orchestra was greater than in a baroque group. Classical composers exploited timbres of each instruments. Unlike baroque composers, they did not treat instruments interchangeably. The Classical composers were the first to orchestrate for instruments like clarinet, trombone, and piccolo (Daniels, Wagner, et al, 1975). According to Kamien (2008), â€Å"the classical orchestra had developed into a flexible and colorful instrument to which composers could entrust their most powerful and dramatic musical conceptions. The mass continued to be an important form for Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven. During the Classical period, masses involved orchestra, soloists, and choir in a fully integrated work, using organizational principles derived from instrumental forms (The Classical Period). The majority of Mozart’s masses were in Missa brevis type, the simultaneous setting of several lines of text, or the omission of certain sections of the mass, becau se the Archbishop Colloredo of Salzburg had no patience with long Masses. Effects of the influences of baroque music Long after the Baroque era ended, and their music was all but forgotten, both Handel and Bach were rediscovered in the Classical era. All great Classical composers like Mozart and Beethoven, after Bach and Handel, studied their works and learned from them in grasping and further developing Bach’s and Handel’s science of baroque composition in such a way, that something entirely new emerged, pointing into the future. Proficient Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart The works of Bach, such as the B-minor Mass and the six motets, and Handel, for example, the Messiah had deeply influenced the works of Mozart in his last years of writing music. Mozart was thoroughly familiar with the music of Handel. During his childhood trip to England, he became well acquainted with Handel’s music and he never lost his taste for it. One can hear Handel’s influence in some of Mozart’s early works, such as The Solemn Vespers, and in later works such as the Great Mass and the Requiem Mass in D minor. In fact, the opening page of Mozart’s Requiem, beautiful as it is, is merely a reworking of the opening choral movement of Handel’s funeral music for Queen Caroline (Langlois, 2008). At the age of thirty, Mozart, visiting the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, upon hearing a Bach motet for the first time, exclaimed â€Å"Now there is music from which a man can learn something. † Then, the choirmaster at Leipzig gave Mozart a copy of the score to all six of the Bach motets. They were a profound influence on his late style. In the last two years of his life, Mozart’s counterpoint became even more exquisite and complex than before (Langlois, 2008). Moreover, Mozart was attracted to the main genres in which Bach excelled—keyboard sonatas, keyboard concertos, symphonies and operas. Bach’s singing-style themes, tasteful use of expressive motives, suspenseful harmonic ambiguities, and consistent thematic contrasts became permanent features of Mozart’s writing (Portowitz). Ludwig van Beethoven Having Mozart as his model for his compositional styles, Beethoven had been familiar to the styles of the works of Bach and Handel. He continuously borrowed ideas, techniques and texture of the music of the baroque in his latter musical career. In his later years, wanting to compose certain pieces in a more contrapuntal style, Beethoven worked hard at mastering counterpoint. He studied the music of Bach, Handel, and even of Palestrina. In his late music, he developed a style of counterpoint that is more reminiscent of Handel than Bach. His fugues in his late period are very rhythmic in nature and quite unique in the history of music (Langlois, 2008). Beethoven showed his constant concern with the work of J. S. Bach. He constantly requested copies of newly published editions, for example, a copy of the B-minor Mass, from the well-known publishers in Leipzig and Zuurich. In Beethoven’s sketchbooks, interspersed among work on his own compositions, there are numerous entries of short or long passages from Bach’s works, among them, the Chromatic Fantasy, and fugues from The Well-Tempered Clavier and The Art of the Fugue (Cramer, 2001). For Beethoven, the sense and aim of the study of his predecessors, was indeed his own further development, toward new ideas. Beethoven described this very clearly in a letter to the Archbishop Rudolph, in which he clearly names Bach and Handel as the only true geniuses, among his predecessors: â€Å"The aim of the world of art, as indeed in the whole creation, is freedom, progress; if we moderns have not the same firmness as our ancestors, yet the refinement of our manners has in many ways enlarged our sphere of action. â€Å"

Becoming an Adolscent

Childhood to adolescences Eventually, everything has to change. Whether it is for the best or the worst is to be determined. In this short story Steven becomes more realistic about the nature of breaking up and he also learns to consider the feelings of others. Steven gains a deeper understanding of himself and figures out who he wants to become. In â€Å"breaking up† by Susan Beeby and Paul Lima, Steven experiences a transition from childhood to adolescences. Steven’s view of being in a relationship is not realistic because he does not know what commitment entails. He attended his girlfriend’s birthday party, where he made her a cake and gave her a special birthday gift. His girlfriend said â€Å"when he gave me a gold band for my birthday, I thought our relationship was solid. †(Beeby and Lima 1) Steven did not recognise the sentimental values a ring has for a girl. He did not think about the commitment he just made to her, resulting in a very immature choice. Steven is now seeing his ex-girlfriend not acting like she is upset or mad about him breaking up with her. She is not giving him the satisfaction that he craves for. Steven than proclaimed â€Å"and every time I saw her afterwards- laughing with her friends, but looking at me with icicle eyes- I almost gagged on what I said. †(Beeby and Lima 1) He is now taking more accountability for his actions. Steven is realizing he should have never made a commitment when he was not ready because it hurt him more in the end. He started out making immature decisions and he made progress through the story by taking more responsibility for the actions he chooses. In addition to that, Steven takes more steps to becoming more of an adult. Steven gets the opportunity to understand how to respect others feelings. His girlfriend was expressing how their relationship was not perfect. â€Å"the romance did have its weaknesses, Steven would sometimes break our date†(Beeby and Lima 1) said his girlfriend. Steven did not take into consideration that maybe his girlfriend was really looking forward to their date. He did not think about her feelings. More into the story, Steven’s girlfriend explained how he has changed. sometimes he brought me flowers and wrote me poems† (Beeby and Lima 1) his girlfriend expressed. He is now realizing he should respect his girlfriend’s feelings and he should make her feel special. By this time he is not just thinking about himself. Steven makes a transition from acting very immature to more mature, and is now actually treating his girlfriend with respect. With the ability to respect others, he f inds out who he wants to become. Steven has more of an understanding of himself. He is analyzing what he thinks a poet should do about love. love means commitment and real poets don’t commit themselves, not to no body. †(Beeby and Lima 1) Steven is relating himself to what a poet would do, not to what he thinks is best for himself. He also experiences a wide awakening of who he thought he was. Steven was questioning if he was really a poet. â€Å"but I should have known I wasn’t a poet because I was afraid of how far we could go on the name of poetry. †(Beeby and Lima 1) Steven made an adult decision realizing he was not a poet because he actually loved her. He finally understood that you can be your own version of a poet and do not have to follow all the guidelines of a poet. Steven takes a huge step from being a child to becoming an adult. He experienced the aftermath of a break up. Steven also now knows how to consider other people’s feelings not just his own. He realizes who he wants to become; Steven took some time to figure out his faults, but in the end it all worked out to better him. The only question is will he stay an adolescences or make his way back to becoming more of a child?

Arming Teachers Essay

â€Å"The vast majority of teachers want to be armed with textbooks and computers, not guns,† said Kenneth S. Trump, President of National School Safety and Security Services, in response to the national discussion on arming teachers and school staff, and armed volunteers in schools. Trump advises school districts against allowing teachers and school staff to be armed. Trump says that while gun control and gun rights advocates typically seize on school proposals to arm teachers to further political agendas, his opposition to arming teachers and school staff focuses solely on implementation issues, not political statements and beliefs about rights to bear arms. â€Å"School districts considering arming teachers and school staff with guns would take on significant responsibility and potential liabilities that I firmly believe are beyond the expertise, knowledge-base, experience, and professional capabilities of most school boards and administrators,† Trump said. He added that school board members, superintendents, principals, teachers, school safety experts, and public safety officials he has talked with around the nation consistently do not believe that educators and school support staff should be armed. Trump, a 25-year veteran school safety expert who has trained and consulted with school and public safety officials from all 50 states and Canada, noted that school districts setting policy to allow teachers and school staff to be armed with guns would take on an enormous amount of responsibility and potential liability. Trump says allowing teachers and school staff to be armed begs a number of questions: Does the school board have appropriate and adequate policies and procedures governing the carrying and use of firearms by teachers and school staff? What type of â€Å"use of force continuum† has the school district created for staff to use firearms? How does that stand up in comparison to such standards held for police officers and others who are armed and deployed in a public safety capacity? What types of firearms (types of guns, caliber of weapons, etc.) are staff allowed to carry and not allowed to carry? Will staff carry their own personal firearms or school district-issued firearms? If the school allows staff to carry their personal weapons for the purpose of protecting staff and students, what responsibilities do school boards and administrators thereby assume for making sure the firearms carried are functional? Does the school district have regular â€Å"inspections† of staff firearms to make sure they are functional and appropriate to policy, and if so, who on school staff is responsible for that function and what is their level of expertise and training to make such decisions? What type of firearms training does the school district provide on a regular, ongoing basis to those staff it authorizes to be armed with guns? Will the school district build and operate its own firearms range? Who on school staff is qualified to provide such training, operate a firearms range, etc.? Will firearms certification and recertification be added to the school district’s professional development training program each year? What type of weapons retention training has been provided to staff who are armed and what steps have been taken to reduce risks of a teacher or staff member being intentionally disarmed by a student or other person, or for having a firearm dislodged from a staff member’s control when the teacher breaks up a fight in a cafeteria or hallway? How is the district prepared to prevent and manage situations where teachers and/or staff members lose, misplace, or have stolen their firearms while on campus? How will the school district manage an accidental shooting that could occur? What is the impact of this type of board policy and practice on the school district’s insurance and potential legal liability posture? If self-insured, is the district able to handle potential lawsuit judgments against them for cases resulting from this practice? If insured by a private carrier, what is the insurance provider’s position and concerns, or will they even insure the district for such a practice? Most importantly, what other options have we considered as school leaders? For example, if the school district is concerned about first responder response time from the community to the school, has the school district considered employing a school resource officer (SRO) or its own trained, commissioned and certified school police officer who is a school district employee, such as what is allowed in Texas, Florida and other states, and many other considerations. Trump has long supported school districts having school resource officers (SROs) who are city or county law enforcement officers assigned to work in schools. He also supports properly organized and operated school police departments, which are in-house school district police officers that are trained, commissioned, and certified professional peace officers in school districts where state law allows districts to have such departments. Trump says that the arming of teachers and school staff goes is a significantly different issue that goes beyond simply the issue of an individual’s right in a number of states to be licensed to carry a concealed weapon. Unlike an individual being trained and licensed under a state law to carry a firearm for personal protection at their home or on the streets, school districts that permit teachers and school staff to carry firearms on campus are in essence deploying those school employees in a public safety capacity to protect the masses with the expectation and assumption that they can and will provide a firearms-related level of public safety protection services to students and other staff. By tasking those employees with those responsibilities, Trump notes, the school district is also accepting responsibility and potential liability for implementation of such policies. â€Å"There is a huge difference between having trained, certified and commissioned law enforcement officers who are full-time, career public safety professionals that are armed and assigned the duty of protecting students and staff versus having teachers, custodians, cafeteria workers and other non-public safety professionals packing a gun in school with hundreds of children,† said Trump.

Open Source Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Open Source Software - Essay Example (Wheeler) Several peer-reviewed literatures suggest that using the OSS programs in many cases offers superior user interface and approach in contrast to their proprietary competitors. (Wheeler) Even with the above background review, many software users still are unaware of the very many user options that this utility presents. It is against this information that this paper examines two open source software (Neo Office 3.0 and Open Office) solutions as an alternative to Microsoft office 2010 applications. The paper examines the Open Source Software. The discussion compares the Open Source Software on grounds of the platform on which they are available, their affordability, available technical support, major features to meet the standards of a commercial product and arguments for and against the Open Source Software as a Commercial alternative to Microsoft Office 2010. Wheeler suggests that whatever the program, there are universal procedures for their evaluation. These steps are; iden tification of the candidates, examining existing literature reviews, applicability of the desired program to one’s personal needs, and analysis of the top candidates. Wheeler sums up the four sequential steps as â€Å"IRCA†; identify, review, compare and analyze. (Wheeler) Review of Microsoft Office 2010 Microsoft Office is a commercial workplace utility quite popular with most workplaces. The Office 2010 has a ribbon interface modification different from the traditional Office 2003 interface, additionally it has a file menu back into the tool bar making it easier to save and open files. Minimal system requirements for the program include 700MHz and a 512MB RAM with windows 7, XP or vista to be fully functional. Microsoft Office enjoys unlimited technical support: Microsoft Company, people with licenses from Microsoft, professional call centers and numerous books and websites that offer on time assistance to users with tips on configuration, modification and using Micr osoft Office with free resources especially for non-profit uses. Document sharing is simplified for this program because Microsoft has created standard file formats such as .doc, .docx. (For word) and .xls (for excel files). Microsoft also has enabled easier remote access using â€Å"Skydive† with standard file security if procedures adhered through allowing users to install Microsoft updates; firewalls, antivirus management and antispyware (Bonfield and Quinn). Equally, through the utilization of Microsoft outlook users are able to receive and send emails from Microsoft office. Other in built features includes; grammar checking, view document options, and pre-posted document formatting. (Bonfield and Quinn) Review of alternative Open Source Software to Microsoft Office 2010 OpenOffice.org OpenOfice.org 3.1 is the latest version of OpenOfice.org with the former being 3.0. The OpenOfice.org is versatile with Windows, Mac, Linux, and free suite being a preferred alternative to Microsoft Office suite. Additionally it is able to read and write to Microsoft Office supported formats and supports the Open Document Format (ODF) 1.2 standard. The suite is inbuilt with a word processing application, spreadsheet, presentations,

Banking System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Banking System - Essay Example Due to this banks started experiencing liquidity issues and were unable to have the amount of money required to remain in business and were on the verge of its default. As a result of this, the government came out with a bailout plan to help the banks from experiencing bankruptcy. The bailout can be both beneficial and disadvantageous at the same time. Mostly governments tend to bailout those banking institutions that are too huge too fail and their failure can further increase the economic crises (Scott, 2012). But such policies are anti competitive in nature. This is because when the government bails out an organization, it tends to hold certain shares of the entity and have the right to make decisions. Due to this the government may choose to be very secure in their policies and competition may decline as credit flow to different individuals and organizations may decline and this can slow the process of economic improvement and

Natural Cocaine Production in Plants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Natural Cocaine Production in Plants - Essay Example The coca plant has similar biochemical properties as those that produce alkaloids. The coca plant belongs to a group of plants with natural alkaloids, or nitrogen-containing compounds that produce diverse effects on the physiology of humans. The alkaloid compounds in these plants are proven to have strong pharmacological effects on people and are known to contain nicotine, caffeine, quinine, morphine, atropine, strychnine, and the illegal stimulant compound cocaine. The plants that contain alkaloids include the Solanaceae or potato family, the Brassicaceae or mustard family, and the Erythroxylaceae or coca family, to which the coca plant belongs. The close relatedness of these plants is not only justified by the fact that they all contain alkaloid compounds but also by the fact that they had a common ancestor around 120 million years ago and that the alkaloid compounds that they contain obey similar biochemical pathways. The significance of this fact is that if one were to uncover th e details of the natural synthesis of cocaine, then it is possible to study it from the point of view of the other plants to which the coca plant is related (How Plants Make Cocaine, 2012). In the experiment conducted by researchers of the Max Planck Institute, in order to understand better how protein is naturally made by the coca plant, the synthesis of alkaloids in a particular species of the Solanaceae family was compared with the biochemical synthesis of cocaine in the coca plant (Secrets of Natural Cocaine Production Revealed, 2012).

Organisational analysis and behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisational analysis and behaviour - Essay Example (Jack, n.d) WATER FALL INCIDENT Every day there are number of workers injured and killed on the job but yet only some of these occurrences are attracted towards the public domain. One of the classic case studies of an OHS disaster is the waterfall incident that took place in 2003; it was one of the most tragic accidents in Australian railway history. There was a fatal derailment at waterfall which resulted in loss of many innocent lives. The ministry of transport had initiated an investigation to determine the circumstance relating to the accident and recommend some preventive and corrective action. The investigations were examined and checked in the following areas such as Infrastructure, Human factors, Rolling stock, Post accident tools and response. (Kent and Graham, 2004) The initial investigation established that there was a high possibility the driver was injured after departing from the waterfall station. The train was unattended and as a result overturned at a high speed and collided with the stanchions. Both the controls dead man system and the guard failed to work in favor in controlling the collision. The team investigated and found out that the train’s inadequate safety measures had resulted in the collision. The safety management system had identified that the railway authorities had developed ineffective rail safety regimes and management deficiencies. (Kent and Graham, 2004) The incident was also published in Sydney Morning Herald outlining ineffective safety measures. The Railway authorities also mentioned that number of improvements such as stringent medical testing, installation of back up emergency braking system would be activated. (Sydney Morning Herald, 2004) Analysis of the issue: The safety management system had identified many loopholes in the safety measures. The investigation revealed that the medical standards and medical emergency units not updated. It was also noted that the railway systems had an under developed, ineffectiv e safety mechanisms that had caused catastrophic damage and death of people. No vigilance control mechanism, hardware devices or proper guard in place to detect the speed of the train. There was also no proper training and instructions provided to these guards. State rail had important elements missing to ensure running of a safe railway which includes safety engineering, change of management and in design and development of robust controls. The railway authorities also had a very poorly constructed review mechanism on audit, investigation and follow up. There were inadequate competent resources that could develop an efficient safety instruments and methods. The dead man system did not detect the collapse of the driver and had major deficiencies in the fundamental design. Investigations also revealed that the state railway authorities were ineffective and not fully co-operative. The management was also poorly defined and there was no budget that was allocated to improving the train safety. (Kent and Graham, 2004) The case study on the waterfall accident had outlined the importance of safety measures. The inquiries and the investigations concluded that the state rail had deficient safety mechanisms in place. The investigation also highlighted the importance of having good intergrated safety systems, documentation process, proactive and preventive approach to risk and accidents and the need for expertise

How the battle of Gettysburg changed the Civil war Thesis

How the battle of Gettysburg changed the Civil war - Thesis Example It was the strategic turning point of the war. Several years of war before the battle of Gettysburg were a time of military success and economic collapse of the blockaded South. The Federals suffered defeats, but retained their economic and political advantages. Military defeats, in no small measure, were due to failures of command authorities. â€Å"Generals-politicians† were much better in intricacies of a political struggle than in the art of war in battlefields. President Abraham Lincoln had to change and shuffle his â€Å"brave Generals† periodically. As far as the warfare proceeded, a new galaxy of generals made mark; generals able to withstand the brilliant Southerners, such as General R. Lee and Gen. T. Jackson. Lee’s Gettysburg campaign had to thwart the Federal army plans for the summer, ease the pressure on the besieged Vicksburg, take away the burden of the army munitioning from Virginia, and, which is the most important, to threaten Washington to per suade it to peace negotiations. Repulse of the Southerners’ attacks at Gettysburg and defeat of the invincible Lee, are considered as the watershed in the war, but this statement is true only if the battle of Gettysburg is viewed together with the capture of Vicksburg, which occurred on the same day in the Western theater of operations.

Problem of Free Will Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Problem of Free Will - Term Paper Example Incompatibilist argue that an action is not voluntary and originated and reject any involvement of an external force in causation of such action. This means that an individual is responsible for their actions, and have the will to act without interference from an external force. As Hobbes expounds, this is senseless speech and erroneous reasoning that may lead to contention and sedition or contempt (Kow, 3). From Hobbes’ assertions, free will is an illusion and not a reality; determinism therefore best explains that which characterizes the lives and actions of individuals. Rickaby (2) argues that one of Hobbes assertions was great resistant and warning against rhetoric talks that may lead to erroneous reasoning considering free will. The quote â€Å"I can; if I will† was criticized by Hobbes as erroneous reasoning and that is not worthy to mislead individuals. The main issue is that free will is not a reality and life is determined by external forces that are responsibl e for causation of events. Nothing begins from itself but from an action of some other immediate agent without itself. When a man has the appetite to will or an appetite for something to which he immediately had no appetite for, the cause of the will is not the will itself but must be something else beyond his own control or in his disposition (Hederick, nd). Therefore, for the specific action, the will is not is not the cause of itself, but is caused by an external force outside the will, which makes the will possible in the individual. Voluntary actions or those actions that are considered as voluntary therefore have necessary causes and therefore are necessitated. This means that free will by itself as considered to be voluntary has to be necessitated by an external force that makes the individual to will; out of the will itself. The will is therefore determined. From this, it is clear that free will and compatibilism are not possible and as far as causation is required to necess itate events, determinism is the only possible; explanation that van be attached to actions in individuals. Human freedom and moral responsibility are not possible. Accepting the presence of human moral responsibility and freedom would require that humans have to be the last cause or the causation of all events and no external force is required in this process throughout their actions. Generally, one is not free to do anything or refrain from doing it but is a victim of circumstances where external causation forces make one to act in a certain way (Creel, 226). However Plato in his arguments on the nature of human being mainly explains the distinctiveness, human capacities and self conception as the main aspects that differentiate humans from animals. Many philosophers since Plato have held that the difference between animals and the human beings is having the rational part that makes humans to choose between bad and good (O’Connor, 2010). Largely according to Plato our ratio nal nature include our ability to choose what ends we may consider to be desirable or evil in that pursuing some ends would bring about a pleasant end while others may bring unpleasant ends. Therefore, humans unlike animals have the ability or the will to choose between these

On the debates pertaining to inference of an effect from its cause Essay

On the debates pertaining to inference of an effect from its cause - Essay Example 172). Taking off from Hume, John Stuart Mill â€Å"held that causal inference depends on three factors: first, the cause has to precede the effects; second, the cause and effect have to be related ; and third, other explanations of the cause-effect relationship have to be eliminated† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 182). In other words, the notion of causation and effect that can be found in the ideas of John Stuart Mill is that causation requires precedence of the cause from the effect, correlation, and that rival hypotheses are ruled out. For Cook and Campbell (1979), however, the most significant contribution of John Stuart Mill to the theory of causality pertains to his notions of the criteria, principles, or â€Å"methods† of agreement, differences, and concomitant variation. The principle of agreement â€Å"states that an effect will be present when the cause is present† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 182). The principle of difference â€Å"states that the effect will be absent when the cause is absent† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 182). Finally, the principle of concomitant variation â€Å"implies that when both of the above relationships are observed, causal inferences will be all stronger since certain other interpretations of the co-variation between the cause effects can be ruled out† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 182). According to Cook and Campbell (1979, p. ... 183) pointed out that â€Å"the concept of a control group is implicit here and is clearly central in Mill’s thinking about cause.† In 1913, Bertrand Russell â€Å"looked to physics and astronomy of his day as the most mature sciences, and he noted their lack of concern with unobservables and explicitness and parsimony of the functional relationships that physicists sought to test† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 172-173).1 However, Russell had asked that asked whether the concept of cause continues to be relevant given that cause â€Å"is not implied by functional relationships of mathematical form† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 173). The Russell viewpoint is positivist â€Å"rejecting unobservables (like cause), and seeking to establish explicit functional laws between continuously measured variables in a closed system† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 173). Positivists like Russell believe that â€Å"causation is unnecessary because it is unobservable† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 175). The essentialist viewpoint â€Å"argue that the term cause should only be used to refer to variables that explain a phenomenon in the sense that these variables, when taken together, are both necessary and sufficient for the effect to occur† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 177). The essentialists â€Å"equates cause with a constellation of variables that necessarily, inevitably and infallibly results in the effect† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 177). In contrast, those â€Å"who restrict cause to observable necessary and sufficient conditions (or sufficient conditions that operate when all the necessary conditions are met) reject as causes those factors which are known to bring about effects sometimes, but not always† (Cook and Campbell 1979, p. 177).

MGT501 - Mgmt. and Org. Behavior session long project 3 (learning Essay

MGT501 - Mgmt. and Org. Behavior session long project 3 (learning styles.) - Essay Example This assessment took me by surprise and I must say it was a pleasant surprise. It’s good to know your own style of learning rather than assuming you are good in one style whereas that is not really your style. I think this assessment is a complete clear picture of me and my style and is clearly my actual style of learning. I do tend to be more productive when am verbal or social and also to a great extent Aural. These are definite strengths and will prove to be very helpful in a workplace or organization. The main reasons being, a) at a workplace training is mostly in groups rather than one on one, b) being verbal is helpful as it allows good expression of self and c) together they form a strong mix and allow for bettered performance. In any work place it is essential to be able to think in a logical manner and be able to grasp things in a group discussion. Hence I believe that the ability to learn in social as well as verbal manner is quite an effective combination and can be very useful in the work environment. Based on the results I do not think I need to improve myself in any area considering this completely in a managerial sense. I think the combination of being verbal and social will prove to make a dynamic combination in an organization. However to ensure that my overall competence is improved, I will work on learning all styles as this will be helpful to understand the others within the organization. I feel this tool is one of the best assessments for one and allows people to learn about their own learning styles in an effective manner. The assessment is to a great extent accurate and is very helpful when a person is unaware of their learning style. Also this allows the individuals to learn their lacking qualities and work on self improvement of these techniques and skills. Overall the assessment is very interesting, motivating and very

The withered arm Essay Example for Free

The withered arm Essay In Tony Kytes, Tony comes across as a bit of a player. This is because he asks all three women, all of which have had connections with Tony, to marry him, even though he is engaged to one of them; Milly Richards. Tonys attitude to marriage could be that its not really that important to the men of the 19th century, and that getting married is just to say that they are married. This is suggested when Tony is rejected by Hannah Jolliver and Unity Sallet, but Milly accepts again, just for the ability to say that he is married. However, the womens attitude to marriage was mainly that they had to get married for the social status. This is shown well through Millys acceptance to Tony. When Tony asks Milly, she replies with If you like, Tony illustrating how shes not very keen on marrying him after what just happened, but will anyway because she wants to be married. Unity Sallet comes across as an independent woman, which can be mirrored in todays times. She says take her leavings? Not I! , meaning that she doesnt want to marry someone that was rejected not one minute ago. Because she walks away from Tony, this can symbolise her independence because it shows how she doesnt always need a man there in her life. This links to nowadays because some women never marry in their whole lives, because they believe they dont need a man in it. In The Withered Arm, Farmer Lodges attitude to marriage is that marriage is for having children and carrying on the family name. Proof of this is after Gertrudes change from beauty queen to ugly duckling as Hardy describes Farmer Lodges realisation: she had brought him no child, which rendered it likely that he would be the last of a family who had occupied that valley for some two hundred years. This shows my point because it illustrates how he knows that hes it, that hes the end of the line for the Lodge name, and how he isnt very pleased that his wife hasnt given him a child. Farmer Lodge also bases marriage on appearance. This is implied through beauty was contorted and disfigured because it shows how he has fallen out of love with Gertrude ever since her arm had the curse bestowed upon it. Gertrudes attitude to marriage is very much the same of that to Millys in the Tony Kytes. This is because both Gertrude and Milly wanted to be married for the social status. From both characters, its subtle that they only want to be married for the status, but if you look close enough you can find it. Milly says if you want, Tony as though she only wants to marry him for the status and Gertrude says that lad stared at me!, also comes across as though she is happy with the attention she gets from her new marriage. Both stories have varying attitudes to marriage, but they link together sometimes. For example, Gertrude and Millys attitude to marriage is the same. Both stories attitudes link with todays attitudes to marriage because Unitys character doesnt really need a man so dont need to be married, and neither do plenty of woman in this time, and many men dont see marriage as a big deal, which is like Tonys attitude to marriage.

Marketing Strategies to Counteract Recession in Hotels

Marketing Strategies to Counteract Recession in Hotels What marketing strategy is best used to counteract the effects of a potential recession on the four star hotel industry in the UK economy? Contents (Jump to) Background and Research Aims Literature Review Proposed Methodology Research Strategy and Resources Required References Background and Research Aim Financial Management (2008) reported that, at a recent CIMA forum for financial directors in the UK, the majority of the delegates believed that the global economic crisis has had far reaching impacts, and will most likely cause a recession in the UK in the near future. This is a view which it widely matched by Campaign (2008), which argues that the coming economic downturn is likely to have adverse impacts on all industries in the UK as consumers, and hence businesses, reduce their spending. However, this article does not advocate that businesses simply give up on attracting new custom, arguing that the businesses with the most successful and creative marketing strategies are likely to be the ones who not only survive any potential recession, but also benefit from it. As such, it is clear that there are two main potential strategies for hotels as the economy begins to contract. They can either choose to contract their operations, focusing on operational efficiency and aiming to cut costs wherever possible, or they can look to use the recession as an opportunity to increase their competitiveness over and above their rivals. This can be achieved via a focus on improved efficiency, costs, quality, or general marketing. However, the argument of Campaign (2008) above tends to indicate that marketing is the main method by which hotels, and businesses in general, can differentiate themselves and maintain revenue and market share in the face of a recession. Both of these strategies are equally valid, however this piece will aim to focus on the more positive of the two: the use of a marketing strategy to counteract the effects of a recession on the UK hotel industry. The hotel industry in the UK is very broad, ranging from the cheap and basic one and two star hotels, up to the extremely luxurious five star offerings which grace many major destinations. However, the majority of attention tends to focus on these two ends of the spectrum, with little thought being given to strategic development and planning for the mid range hotels such as four star offerings. As such, this piece will concentrate specifically on the four star segment, in order to determine what factors drive consumer demand and business success in this segment, and how these factors can be used to develop a marketing strategy to help four star hotels in the UK handle the impact of a recession. Literature Review Many hotels have already started planning for a recession, particularly in the United States, where the economy is in a more advanced stage of recession than the UK. As such, there is value to be obtained from looking at the strategies taken by hotel chains in the US. In particular, Ricca (2008) considers the strategy of the Wyndham Hotel Group, which intends to improve its marketing in order to boost its performance, as well as looking to improve its inventory management and service levels. In addition, the chain will look to boost the use of its loyalty program, helping to grow the company’s brand identity as well as to drive revenue higher in the short term (Ricca, 2008). Another useful study from the literature comes from Barsky and Nash (2008) who reveal that higher end and luxury hotels tend to perform better during a recession when compared to other classes of hotel. This implies that the four stars may be able to improve their performance by aiming to become more exclu sive. In addition, Barsky and Nash (2008) argue that hotel should not aim to cut back on prices and services in a recession, but instead they should aggressively market themselves and focus on customer service, in order to be more competitive than others in the market. Further to this, a major study by O’Neill and Mattila (2006) found that the net operating margin of a hotel tends to be driven most strongly by its average occupancy level, and that the average price per room was less significant. However, this study also showed that the market segment in which the hotel operated; the hotel’s age; any affiliation to a major brand; and a hotel’s size and location also had strong effects on financial performance. This is based on data from the last slowdown in the hotel industry, in 2002, when global terrorism and the dot com crash saw many hotels in trouble. The hotels which performed best in that year were the ones which focused on driving strong occupancy, rather than looking to cut back in size or expenditure. However, O’Neill and Mattila’s (2006) study shows that the mid range hotels were the ones which suffered most in the last slowdown. Looking at the current economic context, Lloyd-Jones (2008) argues that the current state of the economy, combined with the general consensus amongst analysts that a recession is quite likely, means that hotels need to start preparing now. As such, Lloyd-Jones (2008) recommends that property managers should look to use the full range of their marketing strategy, right across the 7Ps, to achieve the most profitable balance between occupancy levels and room rates. Proposed Methodology Unfortunately, given the uncertain nature of the economy, and the fact that no one can accurately predict the nature and severity of any potential recession, it is difficult to be prescriptive about the ideal strategy for a hotel to take to mitigate the effects of said recession. As such, this piece will arguably need to take an approach more in line with contingency theory, where it can make specific recommendations based on the circumstances of individual hotels. This implies that the main methodology should be to use interviews with hotels who are preparing for a potential downturn, as well as those with experience at surviving previous downturns. By determining what strategies, if any, the most successful chains are using to overcome a potential recession, it should be possible to develop a detailed typology of the potential strategic choices hotels can make to deal with economic downturns, and the circumstances in which each strategy is most appropriate. In order to give this typology academic value, it should be firmly based in an existing academic framework. The framework chosen for this paper is the ‘7Ps’ extended marketing mix. The 7Ps are based on the 4Ps introduced by McCarthy (1960): Product, Price, Promotion and Place. However, the 7Ps extends this to include another three factors. Whilst there is some debate over what these factors should actually be, with various writers proposing People, Processes, Physical Layout, Provision of Service, and Physical Evidence; this piece will focus on the three determined by Booms and Bitners: People, Processes and Physical Layout (Kotler and Keller, 2005). This 7P framework will be used to construct the typology, and also to drive the interviews. The interviews will be semi structured interviews, conducted with some senior members of staff from a wide selection of four star hotels throughout the UK. Semi structured interviews have been chosen because they will allow the interviewer to investigate the desired range of topics, whilst also giving the interviewee the chance to provide additional details or to clarify certain points. The main themes for the semi structured interview will be: To determine whether the interviewee has worked at a hotel during a previous recession and the steps they took to overcome that recession. To determine what steps, if any, have been taken to prepare for a potential coming UK recession. To determine the extent to which these steps are marketing focused. To determine which of the 7Ps the interviewee deems most important in using marketing to overcome the effects of a recession. Research Strategy and Resources Required In order to fully ground the typology in the theoretical framework, it will be necessary to obtain a full understanding of the 7Ps framework and its application to hotel marketing. This will be achieved via a complete review of the literature around marketing and the hotel industry. As such, it will be necessary to spend a significant amount of time using libraries and online resources to review a wide range of literature on the subject. This research should also involve a detailed study of the literature around the effects of a recession on consumer demand, and strategies which businesses in general can use to handle a recession. This will be of use in helping to validate the potential strategies which emerge from the interviews, and generally in helping to direct the interviews. Ideally, the interviews will all be conducted via the telephone. This will save on travel costs and time, as well as making the process run smoother. Initially, a large number of four star hotels, around fifty, will be contacted by phone or e-mail, to enquire about the possibility of interviewing senior staff. This will hopefully allow for at least ten interviews with senior staff members across the UK. Once agreement has been obtained, the relevant staff members will be contacted to arrange an appropriate time, and length of time, for the interview. It is expected that this will simply require a telephone and a quiet room where the interviewer is unlikely to be disturbed. A recording device will also be useful, to help with transcribing the interviews later. As the data will be mainly qualitative, there will be little need for any statistical analysis tools, and an appropriate research paradigm will be selected as needed. All interviewees will be informed that the interview is being recorded, but all respondents will be guaranteed complete anonymity. References Barsky, J. and Nash, L. (2008) Are luxury hotels recession-proof? Hotel Motel Management; Vol. 223, Issue 10, p. 14. Campaign (2008) Creativity wont lose its value, even in recession. Campaign; Issue 16, p. 20. Financial Management (2008) UK FDs braced for downturn. Financial Management; June 2008, p. 6. Lloyd-Jones, A. R. (2008) The Prognosis for Hotel Occupancy and Average Rate in a Slowing Economy. Real Estate Finance Journal; Vol. 24, Issue 1, p. 29-33. McCarthy E. J. (1960) Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach. Homewood IL: Irwin. ONeill, J. W. and Mattila, A. S. (2006) Strategic Hotel Development and Positioning. Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly; Vol. 47, Issue 2, p. 146-154. Ricca, S. (2008) Wyndham: Recession strategies in place. Hotel Motel Management; Vol. 223, Issue 10, p. 1-62.

Mass School Shootings in the U.S. Essay -- Mass Shootings, School Shoo

In the United States of America the right to bear arms gave birth to a phenomenon called the â€Å"gun culture,† the term coined in 1970 by a historian Richard Hofstadter, which describes America’s heritage and affection for weapons(1). Not only did gun culture become an inseparable part of American democracy, but also it is considered to be synonymous with independence and freedom, the most important values for American society. Even though the crime rate and murder rate in the U.S. is higher than in any other developed country, U.S. citizens oppose every attempt made to pass gun control legislation(2). However, it may sound like a paradox, but the crime level in the most liberal states, when it comes to gun ownership, is the lowest in the whole nation according to FBI statistics(3). In fact one of the major drawbacks of free access to weapons is the murders committed by juveniles. School shooting is the problem which origins are deeply rooted in the family background and the upbringing of children as well as in the free approach to carrying weapons. To understand the concept of gun culture one have to be born in the U.S. but living outside American society is significant to provide subjective criticism of the acts of violence such as school shootings. The horrible massacres at schools are definitely not a new phenomenon; they are part of gun ownership policy. The first recorded school shooting occurred in 1764 in the present-day Greencastle, Pennsylvania, the attempt was a part of the so-called â€Å"Pontiac’s Rebellion† -the rebellion triggered by Indian tribes and aimed against British colonies. According to the story told by the one student who survived the massacre Indians constrained and scalped eleven students of the Pennsylvani... ...07532_1088608/?_refineresult=true&facet=category%3AShotguns 16. Great Dreams. â€Å"For students shot at Oklahoma Schools.† Accessed February 1, 2014. http://www.greatdreams.com/gibson.htm 17. Reuters. â€Å"Boy, 12, opens fire at New Mexico school, wounds two students.† Accessed February 2, 2014. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/14/us-usa-shooting-newmexico-idUSBREA0D11Q20140114 18. NBC News. â€Å"Gunman went bowling before Arpahoe High School shooting, police say.† Accessed February 2, 2014. http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/12/30/22112064-gunman-went-bowling-before-arapahoe-high-school-shooting-police-say?lite 19. Wikipedia. â€Å"Columbine High School Massacre.† Accessed February 1, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre#Firearms 20. Wikipedia. â€Å"Cassie Brenall.† Accessed February 2, 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Bernall

Defining the Victorian Woman Essay -- Expository Definition Essays

Defining the Victorian Woman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Victorian Age, there existed a certain ideology of what constituted the perfect Victorian woman. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, young girls began attending schools that offered basic skills such as reading, writing, and math. Manuals of etiquette and conduct instructed young girls in manners of society and the home (Basch 3). All of this prepared a young woman for marriage, which, in the nineteenth century, was "put forward as being the culminating point of a woman's life" (Basch 16). Thus, the perfect woman was also the perfect wife, an active part of the family, with specific regard to the children (Vicinus ix). Yet, although the perfect woman was a married woman, not all marriages were perfect. Victorian society set strict standards for the roles of women, specifically middle class women, as wives and mothers. Women often did not benefit from being married in many respects, such as their personal rights. In addition, the census of 1850 "revealed a significant imbalance between the sexes," creating a surplus of single women (Lerner 176). Many of these single women joined the ranks of spinsters and old maids due to this imbalance in the population. However, society did not give unmarried women the same roles as married women. Society challenged these women because it believed that a woman without a husband was worthless. Society did not respect the position of these unmarried women, often making them outcasts. Yet, there esd a small sect of unmarried women that did not allow society's rules to interfere with their idea of what life should be like. Th... ... or said. Instead, old maids flung themselves at life, unattached and uninhibited, in the best possible way so as to get as much out of it as possible. Supported historically by the likes of great Victorian female authors, these old maids laughed at life, and themselves, showing the perfect Victorian wives there could be more to life than fitting society's mold. Works Cited    Auerbach, Nina. Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth. London: Harvard UP, 1982.    Basch, Francoise. Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel. New York: Schocken, 1974.    Lerner, Laurence. The Victorians. New York: Homes and Meier, 1978.    Vicinus, Martha. Introduction.The Perfect Victorian Lady. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1972. Vii - xv.         Ã‚  

Ernesto Guevara :: essays research papers

Ernesto Guevara Ernesto Guevara was born in l928. When he was two, he moved to Cordoba, Spain, because of asthma. As a young child, Guevara became interested in reading Marx, Engels, and Freud found in his father's library. As he grew up, he watched the Spanish refugees from the Spanish Civil War fight against the fascist dictator, Francisco Franco. Mr. Guevara was influenced by the war and refugees. He began to hate military politicians, the U.S. dollar, and parliamentary democracy. Ernesto's parents were both anti Franco activists. In Buenos Aires, Mr. Guevara went to medical school. He graduated in l953. After several years, Ernesto went to Guatemala writing articles on the Inca and Myan ruins. During his stay in Guatemala, he had the chance to become a government medical personnel. He refused this chance because he did not want to join the Communist party. Therefore, he was penniless for a number of years. Shortly thereafter, Guevara met one of Fidel Castro's lieutenants with whom he fled to Mexico City. In Mexico City, he also met Fidel Castro, and his brother Raul. In Fidel Castro, he saw a great Marxist leader that he was seeking. Guevara joined Castro followers at a farm where they were training for guerrilla war tactics. The tactics were those first used by Mao Tse-Tung. At this time, Ernesto Guevara first was nick named "Che", which is Italian for pal. The group invaded Cuba, where Che was commander of the revolutionary army. From then on, he was known as the most aggressive, clever and successful guerrilla officer. He also got the reputation for cold-blooded cruelty. One reason for this reputation was because of his orders to mass execute followers of the former Cuban president Batista. There after, Che Guevara was second only to Castro in the government of Cuba. As the years went on, Guevara ran the department of industry for Cuba. The government they formed was communist but very different from the then Russian government. Ernesto attacked the Russian style of Communism and said "It was tacit accomplice of imperialism." The Russians were not trading only with communists and they were not giving under developed countries aid. After April of l965, Guevara disappeared from the public eye. Castro dropped his association with Guevara because of Che's criticism. Che's plan at that time was to bring about Marxism by starting a world-wide revolution. He went around the world with forces (120 Cubans). In Congo, they attempted to accomplish one of these revolutions. It fell short when Belgian aid arrived to help the current government. Che had little help from the rebels of Congo and Ernesto Guevara :: essays research papers Ernesto Guevara Ernesto Guevara was born in l928. When he was two, he moved to Cordoba, Spain, because of asthma. As a young child, Guevara became interested in reading Marx, Engels, and Freud found in his father's library. As he grew up, he watched the Spanish refugees from the Spanish Civil War fight against the fascist dictator, Francisco Franco. Mr. Guevara was influenced by the war and refugees. He began to hate military politicians, the U.S. dollar, and parliamentary democracy. Ernesto's parents were both anti Franco activists. In Buenos Aires, Mr. Guevara went to medical school. He graduated in l953. After several years, Ernesto went to Guatemala writing articles on the Inca and Myan ruins. During his stay in Guatemala, he had the chance to become a government medical personnel. He refused this chance because he did not want to join the Communist party. Therefore, he was penniless for a number of years. Shortly thereafter, Guevara met one of Fidel Castro's lieutenants with whom he fled to Mexico City. In Mexico City, he also met Fidel Castro, and his brother Raul. In Fidel Castro, he saw a great Marxist leader that he was seeking. Guevara joined Castro followers at a farm where they were training for guerrilla war tactics. The tactics were those first used by Mao Tse-Tung. At this time, Ernesto Guevara first was nick named "Che", which is Italian for pal. The group invaded Cuba, where Che was commander of the revolutionary army. From then on, he was known as the most aggressive, clever and successful guerrilla officer. He also got the reputation for cold-blooded cruelty. One reason for this reputation was because of his orders to mass execute followers of the former Cuban president Batista. There after, Che Guevara was second only to Castro in the government of Cuba. As the years went on, Guevara ran the department of industry for Cuba. The government they formed was communist but very different from the then Russian government. Ernesto attacked the Russian style of Communism and said "It was tacit accomplice of imperialism." The Russians were not trading only with communists and they were not giving under developed countries aid. After April of l965, Guevara disappeared from the public eye. Castro dropped his association with Guevara because of Che's criticism. Che's plan at that time was to bring about Marxism by starting a world-wide revolution. He went around the world with forces (120 Cubans). In Congo, they attempted to accomplish one of these revolutions. It fell short when Belgian aid arrived to help the current government. Che had little help from the rebels of Congo and

Thousand Splendid Suns Comparison

It seems that War has found a home in Afghanistan. The people of Afghanistan have seen three decades of Anti-Soviet Jihad, civil war and Taliban tyranny. They have lived through unimaginable horrors and now, their incredible stories of hope and oppression are being told. In A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini and The Swallows of Kabul by Yasmina Khadra, the women are oppressed by their husbands and society. Mariam is passive and compliant while Zunaira is defiant and angry, yet both suffer the same pain and isolation. Initially, their suffering increases because their anger at being oppressed and tortured is deflected towards the wrong people, people who actually care for them. Through their difficult journeys, their eyes are opened up to the power and beauty of a loving relationship. The loss or gain of such a relationship is the defining factor of whether or not each character finds peace and self-worth. The women in both novels transition from a state of being hopeful to complete desolation due to the oppression in their lives. Initially, Mariam from A Thousand Splendid Suns expresses much hope about attaining a bright future. She wants to pursue an education as she says, â€Å"I mean a real school†¦like in a classroom, like my father's other kids† (Hosseini, 17). Mariam firmly believes that she can shed her shameful status of a bastard's child, and as she gets older, she takes strides to make this vision into a reality. Moreover, Mariam is constantly inundated with her mother's pessimistic ideals about life, but she believes that â€Å"You're [Mother] are afraid that I might find the happiness you never had. And you don't want me to be happy. You don't want a good life for me† (Hosseini, 28). As a result, at first, Mariam is a strong figure with a lively spirit who is able to combat much negativity in her life and continue to dream and hope of a better future. Perhaps, her naivety fosters these hopes and dreams as well. Later, Mariam's husband, Rasheed successfully crushes her strong spirit. During one of his fierce outbursts, â€Å"he shoved two fingers into her mouth and pried it open, then forced the cold pebbles into it†¦but he kept pushing the pebbles in, his upper lip curled into a sneer† (Hosseini, 104). Mariam is tortured psychologically, physically and her lively spirit is broken. She completely isolates herself from the outside world, and quietly suffers inside her house as â€Å"†¦Mariam was afraid† (Hosseini, 98). She is passive and compliant in the abusive relationship because she abandons all hope, and tries 1 to endure everything that falls upon her. Oppression crushes Mariam's inner strength and she becomes a walking dead person, confined to her own home. Furthermore, Zunaira from The Swallows of Kabul undergoes a similar transition from a state of hopefulness to desolation. At the beginning, Zunaira is a hopeful person. Her husband, Mohsen, says, â€Å"Her zeal was unmatched, save by the praises heaped upon her. She was a brilliant girl and her beauty lifted every heart† (Khadra, 73). She is extremely passionate about empowering the women in Afghanistan, that she even pursues a career as a magistrate to set an example to rest of her countrymen. Zunaira embodies hope, and positive change in a country devastated by war. Like Mariam, Zunaira's hopeful spirit sets her up on a high pedestal to fall from. Then, Zunaira is oppressed by the Taliban. She is writhing with anger and hatred when she says, â€Å"†¦the most detestable fact of [my] existence, to the constraint with anger and hatred that even in [my] dreams [I] refuse to accept: the forfeiture of [my] rights† (Khadra, 99). Anger and hatred threatens to rip Zunaira apart because she feels that the Taliban have stripped her off her dignity and humiliated her beyond endurance. Pride is important to Zunaira. Thus, she struggles to control her anger in public when she views the bitter state of her country, how the Taliban have destroyed her pride, hopes and dreams. Unlike Mariam, Zunaira is defiant and angry. Zunaira actually attains her goal of becoming a magistrate, and thus, she experiences a greater sensation of loss. Mariam and Zunaira combat the oppression in different ways but they suffer the same pain and isolation. Oppression induces a negative change in both characters. In addition, the women have coping mechanisms to deal with the sorrow in their lives. Their ability to cope is affected by family members. Mariam remembers her mother's story, â€Å"where each snowflake was a sigh heaved by an aggrieved woman somewhere in the World. That all the sighs drifted up in the sky, gathered in the clouds, and then broke into tiny pieces†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hosseini, 91). Mariam is submissive in her abusive relationship because her mother has taught her by example, that Afghani women solely have to endure the pain and suffering in their lives. She makes no attempts to change her situation in her marriage because she lives by her mother's teachings. Perhaps, if Mariam were to stand up for herself or stir up chaos during one of Rasheed's beatings, Rasheed would not turn to violence against her so easily. Also, Mariam could have searched for alternatives to escape Rasheed before the Taliban implemented the harsh laws. Over the years, Mariam becomes increasingly helpless and miserable under Rasheed's rule, as she follows the model of her mother's teachings. Also, she deflects her anger and sorrow 2 towards the wrong people, people who actually care for her. Laila, Rasheed's younger wife tries to extend a friendship towards Mariam multiple times, but Mariam pushes Laila away. She screams at Laila, â€Å"†¦I have no use for your company†¦You will leave me be and I will return the favour. That's how we will get on. Those are the rules† (Hosseini, 226). As Mariam pushes Laila farther away, she only becomes a greater target of Rasheed's abuse because Rasheed tends to beat Mariam when he is angry with Laila. During a beating, Rasheed â€Å"held a belt in his hand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and Mariam becomes absolutely petrified, but Laila tries to stand up for Mariam. United, Mariam and Laila are able to stand up to Rasheed and reduce the frequency and severity of Rasheed's beatings. By rebuffing Laila, Mariam only increases her own pain and suffering. The character's coping mechanisms seem to only destroy any remaining strands of courage and hope within them. Similarly, in The Swallows of Kabul, Zunaira tries to find a way to cope with the oppression in her life. At the beginning, she tries to forget her own pain and suffering to be strong for her husband. Mohsen, her husband, insists on taking a stroll in the streets of Kabul, and Zunaira refuses to go because she does not want to wear the Burqa. To Zunaira, the Burqa epitomizes the mistreatment and oppression of women in Afghanistan. In the end, Zunaira agrees to go with Mohsen when she says, â€Å"Let's go out. I'd rather run a thousand risks than to see you so demoralized† (Khadra, 79). Zunaira sacrifices some of her core values to make Mohsen happy, who is her only support system in this World. Though she does not want to lose Mohsen, her ability to cope with the oppression is hindered when she views firsthand the Taliban's brutality. Similarly, Zunaira's ability to cope with oppression is negatively impacted by the actions of her family members. Both women's hopes are crushed, but, Mariam becomes more compliant while a fire is ignited within Zunaira, which threatens to rip her apart. Also, Zunaira shuns her loved one out of her life. When Zunaira refuses to talk to Mohsen and remove her Burqa after the stroll in Kabul, he recounts, â€Å"her anger is so intense that her veil trembles before her agitated breathing and she says, ‘I don't ever want to see you again, Mohsen Ramat'† (Khadra, 129). At first, Zunaira uses her husband to cope, but later, she targets her fury towards him because she wants him to experience her great feeling of loss. Mohsen is a man, and Zunaira believes that a man will never allow a woman to attain her freedom. Like Mariam, she ends up deteriorating her life further because Mohsen accidentally dies during one of their fights. Thus, Zunaira loses another member of her family to the Taliban. Zunaira is angry, but her actions cause her loved ones to 3 suffer too, unlike Mariam who bottles up her fury and grieves alone. In the end, Mariam and Zunaira's coping mechanisms only accelerate their feelings of pain and isolation. Finally, the women in both novels undergo a period of self-realization by losing or gaining a loving relationship. Mariam is able to acquire a new found sense of inner strength. Laila and Mariam forge a special sisterly bond that Mariam can turn to for support and strength. Mariam says, â€Å"But, perhaps there were kinder years waiting still. A new life, a life which she would find the blessings that Nana had said a harami like her would never see† (Hosseini, 256). Her sisterly bond induces a positive change in Mariam as she starts to hope again. Mariam's spirit is rejuvenated, and she finds a newly acquired strength to defeat her oppressor, Rasheed. She frees herself off her primary oppressor for she finds the courage to kill Rasheed. She finds a state of inner peace at last. Also, Mariam finds a new purpose in life. Before Mariam is to be executed, she thinks, â€Å"A Weed. And yet she was leaving the World as a woman who had loved and been loved back†¦a person of consequence at last. No. It was not so bad†¦that she should die this way† (Hosseini, 370). Mariam is resented by her mother, father and husband, but her relationship with Laila and Aziza, Laila's daughter, redefine her outlook on life. Their love fills a hollow spot within Mariam, and it lessens the pain of living under oppression for decades. As Mariam has loved, she is finally able to shed her status of a arami and gain a new sense of selfworth. She sees the beauty in a loving relationship, and she finally does find peace and selfworth in her life. In The Swallows of Kabul, Zunaira makes an important self-discovery as well. By severing her ties to Mohsen, she attains a form of inner strength. When the Jailer, Atiq, tries to convince her to run away from the jail, she says, â €Å"I can't wait to get out of here, but not in the way you propose† (Khadra, 164). She accepts her fate and is prepared to die. With Mohsen's accidental death, Zunaira severs all ties to the physical world. She rids herself of all duties and obligations and deserts all of her hopes and dreams. She feels like a free spirit, symbolized by the removal of her Burqa. Her lightness renews her inner strength and now, she feels she can overcome any obstacle in her path, even dying. Though Zunaira attains a sense of inner peace by severing ties to loved ones, Mariam achieves this by finding the beauty in a loving relationship. Like Mariam, Zunaira is willing to die because their newly gained inner strength gives them the power to vanquish all obstacles in their path. Also, her loss of a loving relationship changes her perspective on life. She says to the Jailer, â€Å"We've already been killed, all of us, it happened so 4 long ago, we've forgotten it† (Khadra, 164). Zunaira realizes that she has lost everything to the Taliban, her family, her dignity, her hopes and dreams. When she sees that she has nothing worth living for anymore, she feels there is nothing more she can lose in this World, and thus, she thinks about life differently. The author does not elaborate about Zunaira's life after she is freed from the jail, but probably she dies in the near future because she does not have a home to return to. Similarly, Mariam and Zunaira are able to see the power and beauty of a loving relationship. Zunaira leaves behind her pride, and need to feel empowered while Mariam actually gains a new sense of self-worth. For Zunaira, leaving behind all the things attached to her relationship with Mohsen gives her peace. So, each character takes different routes to find peace and self-worth. A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini and The Swallows of Kabul by Yasmina Khadra are both set in war-torn Afghanistan. The women are oppressed by their husbands and society. Then, the coping mechanisms they utilize only increase their pain and suffering. Finally, Mariam and Zunaira make an important self-discovery where they either gain or lose the power and beauty of a loving relationship to find peace and self-worth. Overall, Mariam and Zunaira seem to reverse their roles from the beginning to the end. Mariam is passive at first, but she becomes quite aggressive at the end. While, Zunaira follows the opposite path to achieve inner peace. Millions of women are oppressed around the World, and it seems that love is the critical factor to breaking the cycle of oppression.

Introduction to Statistics and Econometrics Essay

   1. Specialty faces the decision of how many Weather Teddy units to order for the coming holiday season. Members of the management team suggested order quantities of 15000, 18000, 24000 or 28000 units. The wide range of order quantities suggested indicate considerable disagreement concerning the market potential. The product management team asks you for an analysis of the stock-out probabilities for various order quantities, an estimate of the profit potential, and to help make an order quantity recommendation. Specialty expects to sell Weather Teddy for $24 based on a cost of $16 per unit. If inventory remains after the holiday season, Specialty will sell all surplus inventory for $5 per unit After reviewing the sales history of similar products, Specialty’s senior sales forecaster predicted an expected demand of 20,000 units with a 0.95 probability that demand would be between 10,000 units and 30,000 units. Questions 1. Approximate the demand distribution using Normal distribution and sketch the distribution. 2. Compute the probability of a stock-out for the order quantities suggested by members of the management team. 3. Compute the projected profit for the order quantities suggested by the management team under three scenarios: worst case in which sales is 10,000 units, most likely case in which sales is 20,000 units and best case in which sales is 30,000 units Questions 1. One of Specialty’s managers felt that the profit potential was so great that the order quantity should have a 70% chance of meeting demand and only a 30% chance of any stock-outs. What quantity would be ordered under this policy, and what is the projected profit under the three sales scenarios? 2. Provide your own recommendation for an order quantity and note the associated profit projections.

Geology Exam Questions

As seen by an observer on Earth, a star that is moving away from the Earth would have ______ light energy waves. A. expanded B. compressed *E. both A and D are correct 2. The theory that tries to explain the origin of the universe revolves around the idea that __________. *B. the original black hole exploded and scattered clouds of uncharged particles moving at high velocities 3. What was the first element formed during the creation of the universe? *B. hydrogen 4. Our solar system was created by: *A. the contraction of clouds of elements originally formed by the explosion of supernovas 5. Approximately how old is our universe? A. 13. 7 billion years old 6. Heat is being continuously released within the Earth through the process of: *C. elements releasing subatomic particles and losing mass 7. Which of the following minerals does not belong with the others? A. pyrite B. bornite C. sphalerite D. cinnabar *E. they all belong together 8. An earthquake is detected off the coast of Vancou ver Island.Which statement is most correct *B. S-waves are detected after P-waves 9. In an area of the crust with an average geothermal gradient (from course manual), what would the temperature be 22km below the surface, if the surface temperature is 25 °C? *D. 85 °C 10. The Hawaiian Island chain was formed by which one of the following processes? *C. movement of the Pacific plate over a stationary mantle plume causing the formation of a string of volcanoes 11. The Himalayas developed directly from the process of ________: *E. plate collision 12. Intermediate sized tectonic plates include which of the following? A. Nazca B. Eurasian C. Scotia D. Cocos D. all of the above *E. only A, C, and D 13. The floor of the Atlantic is widening: why then is there a ridge in the middle? *B. volcanism 14. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 50g of water by 10 °C? B. 500 calories 15. Match the following item with the closest related phrase. Continental Rift A. East P acific Rise B. subduction zone C. Canadian Shield *D. Mount Kilimanjaro E. Mount St. Helens 18. Earth’s crust is being destroyed at _______ and created at ________. *C. subduction zones, divergent boundaries 19. A felsic rock is formed at relatively ________ temperatures and is the first to ________ when temperature increases during burial.*A. low, melt 21. Native metals tend to have which of the following properties? A. high plasticity B. only one type of bonding C. good electrical conductivity D. all of the above 22. A mineral composed of weak bonds, tends to have the following characteristics: A. high solubility B. soft C. has mostly ionic bonds D. has mostly covalent bonds E. only A and C are correct *F. A, B and C are all correct 23. What is the most common group of minerals found in Earth’s crust? *B. silicate minerals 24. Which minerals have similar structure but different composition? *D. albite and anorthite 26. A(n) _______ magma is relatively high in _______ __. A. andesitic; Fe, Mg and Ca B. basaltic; K and Na *C. rhyolitic; K and Na D. granitic; Fe and Mg 27.When magma cools, which atoms tend to bond first? *D. silicon and oxygen 28. Which of the following statements is true? *D. the main reason for volatiles in magma to be released is a sudden decrease in confining pressure. 29. This question refers to radioactive decay. What is the parent/daughter ratio after two half-lives? *A. 1:3 30. Which of the following terms does not belong with the other? A. quartz *B. rhyolite C. olivine D. muscovite 31. An igneous rock that cools rapidly at the Earth’s surface has which of the following textures? C. aphanitic D. glassy *E. both C and D are possible 32.Igneous rocks are classified by their ______. A. colour B. texture C. composition *D. all of the above 33. When the Earth was relatively new, what gases were present in the atmosphere? *A. H20, CH4, SO2, NH3 B. H20, CH4, NH4, O2 C. SO3, CH4, O2, CO2 D. N2, O2, Ar, CO2 34. Where did wat er on Earth originate? A. volcanic out-gassing B. collison of comets with Earth C. collision of protoplanets with Earth *D. all of the above 35. Heat is currently lost from the Earth's surface at an average rate of 2. 4Ãâ€"10-6 cal/cm2/s2. If the Earth’s surface is 510,072,000km2, how much heat is lost in 1 year (3. 15x107s)? Don't forget to convert units) A. 3. 86 x 1010 cal/year *B. 3. 86 x 1020 cal/year C. 3. 86 cal/year D. 6. 76 x 1016 cal/year 37. Which rock frequently contains glass fragments and vesicles, indicating rapid cooling? *C. basalt 38. According to current theory, how did heavier elements form? *C. they formed due to the fusion of lighter atoms (such as hydrogen) under high temperature and pressures 39. Which of the following features was formed partially by erosion processes? *B. exfoliation dome 40. The addition of oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere is thought to have been produced by which of the following mechanisms? B. photosynthesis 41. A dark colou red mineral, which splits into sheets and has one plane of cleavage is: *D. biotite 42. What type of eruptions would you expect in volcanoes of the Andes mountain range? *B. occasional, violently explosive eruptions 43. Heat from the Earth’s core is transferred to the surface through solid rock via ______ and _______ when it is transported as magma/lava in volcanoes. Once it reaches the surface the heat is then lost to the atmosphere by ______. C. conduction, convection, radiation 44. Which geological feature supports the theory of plate tectonics? A. the mid-Atlantic ridgeB. subduction zones C. fossil records *D. all of the above 45. On the ocean floor, low-intensity stripes of magnetism that exhibit regularly reversing polarity: *D. weaken the existing magnetic field 46. Which of the following things best supports the theory that continents split apart? A. continental drift B. downwarping *C. continental rifting 47. Diamond shows an example of what type of bond formed betwe en Carbon atoms? *A. covalent bonds 2. When a rock breaks into many small pieces it ____________ A. increases the surface area available for chemical attack C. is called mechanical weathering D. both A & C are correct 3. Halite dissolves in water so readily because __________ *B. polar water molecules disrupt the attractive forces in the halite crystal and release the ions into solution 4. Index fossils are: *C. fossils of creatures that appeared and went extinct relatively quickly 5. You notice that there is a lot of rust on your car. Which of the following weathering processes was responsible for the destruction of your car? *C. oxidation 6. Why do large coral reefs not exist in the Arctic Ocean? NOTE: coral reefs are mainly composed of CaCO3 (calcium carbonate). *D. alcite is soluble in cold water and the coral skeletons dissolve before they can accumulate into large deposits 8. Which of the following processes is most responsible for the low nutrient content of tropical soil s? *C. leaching 9. Which rock will potentially undergo the greatest rate of chemical alteration? *A. whole rock 10. The location of the snowline is most affected by _______ and ________. *C. latitude, altitude 11. Gypsum is not found deep in the earth’s crust because: B. the temperature is too high C. water molecules are lost and anhydrite is formed *D. both statement B and C are correct 14.Which of the following soils would you most likely find in agricultural fields around Guelph? A. Podzolic 15. The internal movement of glacier ice depends on: A*B. the internal ice transfer between accumulation and ablation zones 16. Changes in global temperature can be attributed to: A. variations in incoming solar radiation B. shifts in Earth’s axis of rotation C. composition of the Earth’s atmosphere *D. all of the above are correct 17. Which of the following environments is most suitable for the formation of coal? *B. wetland 18. The highly productive soils in vast areas of China FIRST originated from _______ *A. indblown silt 19. What is the main way that silicate minerals are weathered? *B. hydrolysis 20. When a glacier glides along the ground surface the process is called: *D. basal slip 22. The movement of glacier ice is normally most rapid near the _________ *B. surface of the glacier 23. Which of the following landscape features of Canada is NOT attributed to the effect of Pleistocene glaciers? *A. the Canadian Shield 25. Cross-bedded sand deposits in a point bar of a meandering stream were created by which of the following flow regimes? *B. subcritical flow 26.A sedimentary deposit created by a gradual decrease in flow velocity (as in a waning flood), would have which of the following vertical stratigraphic profiles? *A. fining upwards 27. From Hjulstom’s diagram in Unit 8 of the course notes, the water velocity required to erode gravel is_______________ the velocity to move clay particles. *D. about equal to 28. Which rock would be le ast likely to contain fossils? *D. basalt 29. Which sediment grain size has the highest permeability (ability of the material to transmit fluids)? *B. gravel 31. The formation of crevasses in glaciers is because __________________. A. ce near the bottom of a glacier moves slower than surface ice, causing stress C. ice in the upper part of a glacier is brittle and does not exhibit plastic flow *D. A and C are both correct 32. Which of the following minerals has one perfect cleavage? *D. biotite 33. â€Å"Jurassic Park: The Lost World† was actually filmed in: *C. The Quaternary 34. Ventifacts form as a result of *C. aeolian transport in desert environments 35. What volcanic feature is (are) the most dangerous to live near *B. rhyolitic strato volcano 38. Which one of these items does not belong with the others? A. continental rise *B. alluvial fan C. turbidite fanD. continental shelf E. abyssal plain 39. Which of the following statements is (are) the most correct to describe th e conditions required for truly laminar flow in a river? *E. true laminar flow does not occur in natural rivers 40. Mineralogical maturity increases when ___________ *D. the quartz content of the rock is increasing 41. The photo shows a fossilized fish. What is the most likely form of preservation? (Image from: *B. carbonization 42. In general, as a river becomes narrower, and the depth remains the same, the current: *A. increases in velocity 43. Which of the following is the best example of a trace fossil? A. termite tunnel 44. Which of the following pairs is the best example of convergent evolution? *D. killer whale and shark 45. A volcanic rock consisting of abundant angular rock fragments has a _____________ texture. This is typical of __________ volcanism. *C. fragmental, explosive 46. During a field trip, you dig a small pit in a pine forest to study the soil profile of the study site. Below the dark surface layer, a thin, light coloured horizon is followed by a reddish colour ed horizon. Considering your knowledge of the Canadian system of soil classification, what soil type is it? *D. Podzolic 47.A pluton is an intrusive igneous rock body that crystallized from magma slowly cooling below the surface. Which of the following are examples of plutonic bodies? A. batholiths B. dikes C. sills D. laccoliths *E. all of the above 48. What is the main feature used to differentiate between modern corals and ancient corals? *C. the structure of their skeleton 49. The __________ silicates make up the majority of the Earth’s continental crust. *A. three-dimensional framework 50. The Sun produces energy by nuclear ________ reactions. *C. fusion 1. What environmental conditions are optimal for chemical weathering? D. warm, wet conditions 3. Which dating method is most often used to date geologically recent events? *A. carbon-14 4. Which of the following is not an important principle of stratigraphy? *D. crystal fractionation 5. A theory that tries to explain the origin of the universe assumes that all matter was once concentrated in an extremely small space called a black hole. Some properties of a black hole include which of the following? A. high densities B. large gravitational force C. neutral state *D. all of the above 6. The age of the Earth is approximately: *A. 4. 6 billion years 7.When the Earth's crust began to form, which of the following gases were added to the original atmosphere? A. water vapour B. methane *D. only A and B 8. The oldest known fossils found in Archean rocks were: *B. cyanobacteria 9. Which of the following are sources of heat for the Earth? A. primeval heat left from the formation of the planet B. collision of subatomic particles produced during radioactive decay C. solar heat *D. all of the above 10. The change in temperature with depth is called the geothermal gradient. Under normal circumstances the geothermal gradient is approximately: *B. 30 °/km 11.As seen by an observer on Earth, a star that is moving away from our planet would appear more _______ than the same type which is moving toward the Earth. *B. reddish 12. Which type of rock would be formed deep within the crust? B. igneous C. plutonic *D. both B and C 13. Where would you expect to find new igneous rocks being formed? A. Andes Mountains B. Mid-Atlantic Ridge *D. A and B are both correct 14. With reference to Bowen’s reaction series, which mineral is formed under very hot conditions and is rich in magnesium? *A. olivine Inert gases do not react with the surrounding environment. Why is this? *A. they have full outer orbitals 6. A good example of a mineral that contains Van der Waal’s bonds is: *C. graphite 17. The Andes mountains developed directly from the process of ________: *A. plate subduction 18. with reference to Bowen's reaction series, the ___________ form a continuous reaction series. *C. plagioclase-feldspar group 21. An igneous rock that cools very rapidly at the Earth’s surface has which of the following textures? *C. glassy 22. Which type of soil would you expect to find in a wetland? *C. gleysolic 23. The type of weathering process that effects plutonic rocks and is sometimes called unloading is called ____________ *B. exfoliation 4. Submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges produce fresh lava flows of _________ composition. *D. basaltic 25. Youngest rock A. *B. 26. Oldest rock *A. B. C. D. E 27. Continental collision zone A. B. C. *D. E 28. Abyssal plain A. B. *C. D. E 29. The boundary between the accumulation and ablation zone in a glacier is called: *A. firn line 30. Continental drift, volcanism and mountain building are primarily driven by: *A. mantle convection 31. P-waves: *A. vibrate parallel to the direction of travel, travel fast, travel through liquids. 32. Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a carbonized impression? D. a leaf 33. Which of the following statements is true? *A. few organisms become preserved as fossils after death 34. T he lengthening or stretching of the crust can result in _______ faulting as shown in the diagram. *B. normal 35. The San Andreas Fault is what type of fault? *D. strike-slip 36. Soils are divided into â€Å"horizons† which are labelled in order from the top down as: *C. A, B and C 37. A rock under stress can behave in which of the following ways? *D. all of the above 38. What is (are) the major factor(s) involved in metamorphism? A. pressure B. temperature *E. A and B only 9. When liquid magma rises through solid rock, the solid rock can undergo ____________ metamorphism? *A. contact 40. Regional metamorphism can produce new platy or elongated minerals that are aligned: *C. perpendicular to the principal stress applied 41. The â€Å"Big Bang† is thought to have occurred: *A. 13. 7 billion years ago 42. In the cores of stars _________ reactions occur to produce new heavier elements: *A. atomic fusion 43. Chemical weathering mainly results when minerals react with: *E. w ater, oxygen and carbon dioxide 44. The explosion of a star is known as a: *B. supernova 45.Which of the following is considered a fossil fuel? *B. coal 46. The relative Geologic Time Scale is based on: *B. fossil assemblages 47. The Rock Cycle is: *B. a model for the changes undergone by Earth materials over time 48. Grooves, crescent-shaped gouges, chatter marks and striations are examples of: *A. small scale glacial erosion features 49. The maximum extent of a continental glacier is typically marked by a(n) __________. *B. terminal moraine 50. Which of the following is a sediment produced directly from glacier ice? *C. till 51. Place the following sedimentary structures in order of increasing stream velocity. C. ripples, dunes, plane beds 52. Braided streams result when rivers have: A. large fluctuations in discharge B. abundant sediments *E. A and B are both correct 53. When atoms with 4-6 electrons in their outer orbitals join, they form a covalent bond which can be described a s: A. sharing of electrons B. difficult to form C. very strong after formation *D. all of the above are true 54. __________ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone. *C. marble 55. __________ is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-coloured minerals into thin layers or bands. *B. gneiss 56.In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? *C. at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding 57. The ion at the centre of a silicon tetrahedron is surrounded by ____________. *A. 4 oxygen ions 58. The simplest element and the one which was formed first after the big bang is: *E. hydrogen 59. In feldspars, what element substitutes for silicon at the centre of the tetrahedron? *B. aluminum 60. What are vesicles? *D. open spaces formed in the rock as lava solidifies around gas bubbles 61. Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil? *D. a worm burrow 62.Which of the following is the dominant volcanic rock in Hawaii and Iceland ? *D. basalt 63. When the ratio of radioactive parent to stable daughter product reaches 1:3, ________ half-lives have passed. *D. two 64. The formation of the Hawaiian Islands is associated with: *D. no plate boundary of any kind 65. Why is the humus (organic) layer typically thicker in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil? *B. less humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay is slower than in a tropical rainforest 66. The world oceans are too large to have the sea level changed by glaciers! *B. alse 67. Which of the following is a colonial organism; that is, many individuals share the same skeleton? *D. coral 68. Which of the following affects the settling velocity of sand grains? *D. all of the above 69. Sediments transported by water or wind can be sorted according their size and density. A byproduct of such sorting is a typical feature ALL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS have. What is such *D. layers 70. When the limbs of a fold are bowe d upward in the form of a â€Å"V†, the structure is called a(n) *D. syncline 71. If the steep side of a roche moutonnee is on the northeast, it indicates that the glacier came from what direction? B. southwest 72. Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? *D. frost wedging 73. Of the following, which geologic time is the oldest? *B. Precambrian 74. The Red Sea is forming along a: *B. divergent boundary 75. The destruction of the Minoan civilization can be tied at least indirectly to: *A. a violent volcanic eruption 76. A __________ shaped cross-valley profile is typical of valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers. *A. U 77.A(n) __________ represents a former meltwater tunnel in glacial ice that was filled with fluvial sand and gravel. *A. esker 78. The theory of relativity states that: *C. time is not a constant–it varies depending on the speed of the observer 79. Many scientists believe that the Earth is heating up due to the â€Å"greenhouse effect†. Which of the following gasses is the largest contributor to this effect? *C. carbon dioxide 80. The term â€Å"metamorphic facies† refers to: *A. a particular assemblage of minerals that form under specific conditions of temperature and pressure 81. The definition of a calorie is: *A. he change in heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C at sea level 82. The Atlantic Ocean is: *B. 200 million years old and growing. 83. Coarsening upward in grain size is typical of deposits from which type of depositional system? *B. deltas 84. Convergent evolution occurs when? *B. species with different origins begin to evolve similar characteristics because they share the same environment 85. Which of the following is a requirement of index fossils? *A. they lived during a specific time period only 86. In a cross section of a stream channel, wh y is the flow velocity slowest near the bottom? B. because of friction between the water and the streambed 87. The central part of an atom is called the: *D. nucleus 88. The term â€Å"dip† refers to: *D. the angle between a sloping bed of rock and the horizontal 89. Studies of the Atlantic ocean-floor rocks show that: A. the magnetic field of the Earth reverses periodically C. new rock is being formed at the Mid-Atlantic ridge, causing the ocean to become wider *E. A and C are both correct 90. The term orogeny refers to: *A. the formation of mountains 91. Channel migration of a stream at a meandering bend occurs in which direction? B. toward the outside of the bend 92. In a river, gravel would most frequently be transported: *A. as bed load 93. The great majority of carbonates (limestones) are formed by: *A. skeletons of invertebrate organisms and algae 94. Shale is a sedimentary rock formed predominantly from: D. clay 95. Which of the following was an early ancestor of mode rn humans? * D. Australopithecus 96. When fossils are preserved as casts, the following happens: A. the original shell is buried intact B. after cementation of the surrounding sediment the shell dissolved leaving a shell shaped cavityC. minerals carried in by percolating groundwater fill the cavity *E. A, B and C are all correct 97. Which of the following trace elements released from minerals by weathering are essential for human health? *B. zinc 98. When an atom loses or gains electrons, it is called a(n): *E. ion 99. Which of the following does not fit the definition of a mineral? *C. granite What colour of light has the longest wavelength: Red What element wouldn't   likely have been lost to outer space when the Earth was in a molten state during the formation of our solar system?Lead Approximately how old is earth: 4500 million years or 4. 5 Billion Which gases composed the primordial atmosphere of earth: Methane, carbon dioxide, sulphur, ammonia How long did it take for earth ’s first crust to develop: 500 million years Main reason that volcanoes developed on primordial earth-uneven internal heat distribution Organic soup which produced the first organic compounds: ammonia and methane In what rocks can you find the oldest known fossils: Archean Rocks of western Australia Coordination number of an octahedral: 6When seismic energy waves reaches a boundary between two materials: Part of the energy is reflected back towards the surface P-waves: vibrate parallel to the direction of transmission Composition of Achondrite meteorites most closely resemble: composition of earths crust Why do geologists think that the inner core of earth is solid: P-Waves speed up there Geothermal gradient in earths crust: 40 c/km Granite differ from rhyolite: Granite is plutonic, rhyolite is extrusive Discontinuity between the base of the crust and the top mantel: Moho discontinuity What rate does mid-atlantic ridge spread: 5 cm/yearWhere does lithosphere material get dest royed: subduction zones Rocks that buried under high pressure formed: Metamorphic rocks Minerals all form in the same temperature range: Quartz, muscovite, K-Fedlspar Ionic bonds are: weak, fond in relatively soluble minerals, formed between opostely charged ions Pumice floats on water because: contains pockets of gas, low overall density Minerals with same chemical composition but different structures are called polymorphs (graphite and diamonds) Hardest minerals: Quartz Magma consists of: Dissolved gas, solid minerals, liquidAndes Moutains have formed at: convergent plate boundary What causes a volcano to erupt: regressive boiling of magma, ionized water changing state from liquid to gas, failureof the volcanic plug Lava that erupts underwater forms deposits of: pillow lava intrusive bodies of rock include: Batholiths, Laccoliths, Dikes Correct order of periods within Paleozoic: Cambrian, Ordo, Sil, Devoni, Carb, Perm Large blobs of lava that are flung from volcanic cone: volcanic bombs Which location is earths crust thinnest: In Atlantic OceanOxidation involves: Loss of electrons Soil is best defined as: accumulation of weathered material Most intensly leached soil horizon: A Horizon Apatite and sylvite are examples of: Minerals used in the production of fertilizers Paris moraine- poorly sorted mixture of different sediments Epoch during most recent glaciation occurred: Pleistocene In accumulation zone of a glacier: more snow and ice being deposited than lost from melting Glacier firn: snow remaining from last season Polar galaciers move mainly by: Ice deformationCause of catastrophic meteorite impact causing mass extinction 65. 5 million years ago: thin iridum-rich bed found worldwide Graded bedding on deep-ocean floor: Turbidity currents River pattern commonly developed in glacial outwash plain: Braided Glaciers covered Australia in: Neoproterozoic and Carboniferous-Permian Little ice age occurred: 600 to 100 years ago Isostatic rebound: rising of earths crust after deglaction Sedimentary environments two classifications: Carbonate or clastic Clastic sediment . 062 to . 004- Silt, loess plainTwo common carbonate sedimentary rocks: Limestone and Dolostone Idealized stream fastest water flow: Near the water surface, near center of the chanel Laminar flow: Low flow velocity/ Rarely found in nature Settling of particle with a . 01 diameter- Stockes law What environment are mud slides most common: Alluvial fans Forest beds are found in which environment: Delta Front Barrier islands: large lakes, shallow continental shelves Carbonate precipitation may form: Ooids Lingula is a good example of: A paleo indicator Conifers belong to which class: Plantae, Pinophyta, Pinospida Noahs Flood: DeluvialistWhy did an â€Å"organic soup† develop on the primordial Earth, and not much today? (image from VITAL): There was no free oxygen to oxidize it ;amp; There was no predators back than. The energy responsible for the original heating and meltin g of the Earth came primarily from: Radioactive decay Organic compounds can be synthesized: In a laboratory ;amp; by lightning Were inert gasses such as Argon or Neon, scattered into the universe by supernovas? Yes Approximate age of earth accepted by scientists is: 4. 6 billion years Original atmosphere of earth was primarily composed of: Methane and carbon dioxide Not all stars are equally hot, why?Atomic fusion reaction Doppler effect makes far away stars appear to be: Redder An enormous amount of energy is needed to start fusion reaction, What type of energy led to fusion reaction in stars: Kinetic The elements of the present universe were scattered into space about: 8-9 billion years ago If earth’s intial atmosphere contained free oxygen: Organic molecules would be have been destroyed as soon as they formed Is the elemental composition of modern earth the same as that of earliest primordial earth: No What is the bang bang: Origin of the universeWhen radioactive elements decay to release subatomic particles it creates: Daughter elements The early composition of the Earth;s atmosphere was: Lacking Oxygen Evidence for an original big bang: Yes, distant galaxies move away from us faster than closer ones If the half-life of Carbon-14 is 5570 years, how much of the parent elemtn will remain after 16,710 years: 1/8 Earth is one of the largest ones in our soar system: FalseModel for the origin of life requires: An oxygen free atmosphere Black holes are characterized by: Matter contracted into very small spaces, Extremely high density, all particles are neutral. The sun’s energy is produced by: Fusion Helium is formed from: Fusion of HydrogensWhy do larger solar planets have an ammonia-rich atmosphere while Earth has an oxygen-rich atmosphere: The larger gravity of larger planets traps ammonia Volcanoes could not form before the development of a solid crust on Earth: True Why did an â€Å"organic soup† develop on the primordial Earth and not m uch today: There was no free oxygen ;amp; there was no predators back then The heavy elements that we know of were formed in the original stars: Yes Why did elements separate in the original earth: They were separated in relation to their mass During the early stages of the Earth, hich elements may have been lost to outer space: Light ones The permissible ring of life is a theoretical zone around a distant start that may contain planets: False 1) S-waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the propagation: True 2) Everyday substance that behaves a bit like the mantle when stressed: Plasticin 3) Some meteorities have more or less the same composition as the Earth’s crust: True 4) Our bodies can be considered as analogs for Earth. Accordingly we can recognize: Heat as energy, mineral accumulation, chemical reaction. ) The boundary between the crust and the mantle shows up well in seismic studies because difference in: Density 6) The properties of rocks change from the sur face towards the center of earth. Which one do you think changes more regularly than others: Pressure 7) Refraction and reflection dissipate seismic energy inside the earth: True 8) Iceland is close to Greenland but geologically the two have little in common: True 9) Which of the following are types of convection cells in or on earth: Ocean currents ;amp; Boiling motions in a pot of soup. 0) The sun’s radian energy drives the movement of our atmosphere: True 11) Earth is the centre of the universe: Who Knows 12) Earth should be cooling off as primeval heat is lost to outer space: False 13) Lord Klevin calculated mathematically that Earth is cooling off.His mathematics were correct: True 14) Although interior parts of earth are shown as pretty coloured bands, heat distribution is much uniform: Incorrect 15) Earth is comprised of the same materials and in more or less the same proportion as the sun: Yes 16) Radiant energy received from the sun is the most important type in expl aining continental drift: False 17) The fact that S-waves are lost within the Earth is good evidence for a liquid outer core: True 18) Method used by geologists in injecting the mantle for seismic studies is: Bottom 19) Earth is a planet in the process of becoming a star: Recent studies have indicated that it is heating up at the rate of a few degrees per century: False 20) To date we have not been able to drill to the core, however we can see it in volcanic material: False 21) Lord Kelvin has proved that earth is dying planet. It is cooling off relatively rapidly: False 22) Canada is one of the coutries where solar winds can be seen: True 23) By examining the geothermal gradient in deep wells, we can predict temperature at center of earth: False 24) Various compositions of meteorites reflect: Mantle of earth, whole earth, earths cruts.Oceanic crust of earth has a minimum thickness of about: 5 KM The North American plate is moving away from the European one at a measurable but small distance per century: True Mountains are shaped by both convection cells in the diagram: True The floor of the Atlantic is widening: why is there a ridge in the middle: Volcanoes Iron-rich minerals in basaltic lava can give information on the Earth’s magnectic field at the time Volcanic eruption: True Fundamental differences between the floors of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: Different ages, different amounts of sediments, Different manganese mineralization Material from the mantle reaches the surface of the Earth along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: True Radiant energy received from the sun is the most important type in explaining continental drift: True The repetition of two colurs indicate different lava flows indicats: alternating lava flows with different paleomagnestism When seen in cross-section, continents look like thin rafts on the surface of the mantle: Because continents are composed of lighter materials Long before their geologic importance was discovered, paired ba nds of equal magnestism were recognized south of Iceland: The navy during WWII The continents started migrating apart approximately 180 million years ago: True In what ways is Atlantic Ocean spreading analogous to Antartic ice pack behaviour: New ice is forming in cracks joins blocks of older ice ;amp; There are convention currents in the water below There are a lot of thick sediments around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: False The suns radiant energy drives the movements of our atmosphere: True P-Waves generated at one locality can be detected around the globe if the source is sufficient: False The positive magnetic pole is in Canada and always has been: False Fossil Fuels are usually found in rocks typical of ocean crust: False The magnetic north pole lies in northern Canada: TrueThe magnetic stripes south of Iceland were correctly interpreted as indicating the spreading of the ocean floor: True If new mantle material is added to the crust in marine trenches, it must be consumed along th e mid-Atlantic Ridge: False Which of the following minerals from Bowen’s reaction series forms the highest temperature? Ca-plagioclase What is the crystalline structure of quartz: None of the above Some mineral crystals have an internal structure similar to glass: False Which one is the name of a major element found in quartz: Silicon What is the crystalline structure of feldspar: None of the above Atoms with the maximum number of electrons in their outer orbital: Inert (non-reactive) What is the crystalline structure of biotite: SheetSilicon is the most abundant elemen of the earth’s crust: False Halite and calcite are both: Relatively soft and soluble The resistance of a mineral to scratching is called: hardness In a cooling magma, at what approximate temperature can silicon tetrahedral get close enough to share all their oxygens to form a framework silicate mineral: 800 degrees. An electrically charged atom is called: An Ion Isotopes are good to eat: False What is t he crystalline structure of the pyroxene group of minerals: single chain Musovite has perfect cleavage in one direction: True Mass and weight are synonymous: False What is the crystalline structure of amphibole: Double Chain Calcite has a hardness of 3 on Moh’s scale: TrueWhich of the following is the most common mineral in the earths crust: Feldspar First orbital (energy level) in an atom can have a maximum of: Two electrons The most common building block of silicate minerals: Has 4 Oxygen atoms and 1 Silicon Atom In a metallic bond: All electrons are shared Which of the following elements commonly substitutes for Silicon in the tetrahedral of silicate minerals: Aluminum The second orbit (energy level) in an atom can have a maximum of: Eight electrons Cleavage occurs when a mineral breaks in random directions: False Which type of bonding in minerals is the weakest: Van Der Waals Which has the densest mineral: Gold If an atom loses an eletron it becomes: Positively chargedThe location of volcanoes on earth is: near plate margins Volcanic eruptions occur primarily because of the voltatile content (gaseous components) of the magma: True Which of the following statements is true: It is possible to derive granite from a basaltic magma. Ashfalls may be useful in establishing: Type of volcanism and paleowind direction. Columnar joints occur primarily: Basaltic lava flows Which of the following statements are not correct: Volcanoes are rarely more than 1000 metres high Most rocks found on the flanks of volcanoes have very small crystals: True In Hawaii the ropy lava is called: Pahoehoe Pumice is solidified crystalline forth: TrueSilica rich lavas are viscous and lead to explosive erutpions: True Pyroxene is the first mineral to cryztallize out of a very hot basaltic magma: False Pumice is very light and may even float because it contains pulverized wood of the volcano: False Which statement is correct: The Hawaiian Islands are large shield volcanoes Which rock does not belong with the others: Rhyolite Shield volcanoes are not normally explosive: True Magma may rise to the surface of earth partly because it is lighter than the surrounding rocks: True The crystal size ofigneous rocks is affected primarily by: Rate of cooling Calderas may be formed by collapse of the crater at the summit of a volcano: true Which one is not a volcanic rock: GabbroOne parent magma can produce several different types of igneous rocks: True Discontinous crystallization sequence from Bowen’s reaction series is indicated by: Olivine-pyroxene A Rock does not need to contain any minerals: True Which of the following is a pyroclastic rock: Tuff Humans have never observed the birth of a completely new volcano: False Obsidian is a typical natural gas: True Sills are: Always younger than the surrounding rocks An igneous rock formed primarily of olivine and Ca-Rich Plagiosclase is called: Basalt Granite does Not contain: Ca-rich plagioclase Granite is made up of the following group of minerals: Quartz, amphiboles, K-Feldspar If cooling is faster, the size of crystals in igneous rocks: Decreases The rocks of the ocean floor are mostly made of: BasaltWhich of the following rocks commonly forms batholiths: Granite Bowmen’s reaction series explains igneous textures: False Most recent basaltic lava is found: In the Atlantic Which one of the following instrustions has the largest volume of rocks: Batholith As a basaltic magma cools and crystals form, the remaining liquid becomes: silicon Magma may contain some solid crystals: True The small holes in many volcanic rocks are due to: trapped air bubbles A stratovolcano: Can produce nuee ardente Which of the following statements is true: Water vapour is a volcanic gas released during eruptions. To form magma, which of the following sources is NOT needed: Solar energy Shield volcanoes: None of the aboveThere is a large volcanic mountain range beneath the Atlantic Ocean: Yes Obsidian can provide beautiful gems: False Carbon dioxide is an important volcanic gas: True Igneous rocks form at about: 1,000 degree C Which mineral is least likely to be associated with an explosive volcano: Olivine Submarine (underwater) laval may develop: Pillows Penetration by plant roots is the most important soil forming factor in tropical forest: False Soil is a necessity for life on earth: True what type of tombstone would weather most quickly: Marble The greater stability of minerals that are formed at the Earth’s surface is due to: Increase covalent bonds Soil profile development is affected by many processes.Which one doesn’t belong: Meditation Minerals that form at lower temperature from a cooling magma are generally more stable in the weathering environment: True Among other things the diagram shows a diamond being cut. Is this real weathering? Yes Snow can physically weather igneous rocks most effectively under which condition: snow cant do this Soil develops pedogenic lay ers (horizons) due to: Leaching and translocation of material Soil profiles do not develop in artic regions: False In what environment does chemical weathering predominate over mechanical weathering: None of the above Wind is the only erosional medium in a desert environment: False What is the main cause of the characteristics fractures of exfoliation dome: Pressure release Amphiboles are so unstable at the earth’s surface that they can never be found in sedimentary rocks.False Why is quartz more resistant to wreathing than pyroxene: It has more covalent bonds A soil profile develops from the bottom upward: False Which rock would weather most quickly in a hot, humid environment: Basalt In desert soils, net movement of material is downward. False Examples of weathering exsist in Ontario: True Which of the following is not produced by the weathering of K-Feldspar: Olivine What is the process involved when minerals lose water molecules from their crystalline structure: Dehydrati on Granite undergoes frost shattering much more easily than dolostone: False Plant roots do not penetrate deeply in the tropics: True Weathering usually takes place in a closed system: FalseChemical weathering invariably leads to angular fragments: False Continental sedimentary rocks (those not formed in the sea) are formed from minerals mostly derived from: The physical breakdown of igneous and metamorphic rocks Can Ice wedging, frost shattering, sandblasting co-exist: Yes Together which particle would have the highest settling velocity: More spherical intermediate particles Carbonates (limestone) dissolve preferentially in: Freezing cold water Saltation: Type of movement of sand grains Delta sequence as seen in a core, would show, from the bottom up: clay-silt-sand Plane beds form in fast moving water when either sand or gravel is present: True Diagnesis starts after the sediments: have been deposited To generate clastic sediments: weathering, transport and deposition must occur C arbonates are most likely to occur: In shallow tropical seas The reat majority of limestones are formed: skeletons of invertebratae organism and algae The maximum stream velocity in a river can be measured: near surface and in the middle Which of the following is a thick deposit of composed mainly of invertebrate skeletons: Reef In colonial corals the individual are called: Polyps Carbonization is fossilization where little or no detail can be seen: True Least likely to contain fossil molds of brachiopods: Conglomerate Organisms that live on the bottom of the sea are called: Benthon What properties of an organism make it a good paleoenvironmental indicator: sharks and turtles Brachiopod: has two shells of unequal size In which rocktype are fossil casts least likely to form: Granite Fossilization occurs at high alititudes: False Which of the following minerals does not form a cast: Pyroxene Human species have been around for : 1/1,000Dolphins and fish have similar external forms: con vergent evolution Fossil species are defined mainly on the basis of: their physical appearance Which of the following has the best change of being fossilized: An oyster Which organism has least likely to fossilize as a cast: Worm The majority of coral reefs are built in warm seas because: Their skeletons persist longer in warm waters Fossils which denote specific short periods of time are called: Index fossils Paleozoic corals lived mainly in: warm, shallow seas Evidence of organic activity is preserved in rocks as: Coprolites, trace fossils and bioturbation Trace fossils include: Tracks, feces, and burrowsWhich is the most important factor affecting preservation potential: Rate of burial If a mold is filled with mineral material result is: Cast What is the most common means of fossilizing plants: Carbonization What is the most common material forming petrified woods: Silica Trilobites first evolved in: Cambrian Pelecypods are generally characterised by: Two shells equal size, bilat eral symmetry, powerful muscles What are the subdiviso ns of the geological time scale from longest to shortest:: Era, Period, epoch sedimentary rocks are never older than igneous rocks: False A daughter element of uranium is: Lead If a bed conformably overlies another it means:no time interval is missing between them What is the approxcimate age of the oldest known rock on earth: 3. billion What is the gap in the stratigraphic record called: Unconformity Why did lord kelvin underestimate the age of the earth: radioactivity had not yet been discovered Living things contain: A constant % of carbon 14 in their tissue Which statement best describes the principle of uniformitariainsims: the present is the key to the past Radiometric dates of sedimentary particles may not represent the true age of the deposit: They are reworked from older rocks Principle of fossil zonation indicates that certain fossils occur: Only certain geological periods What is the most common way of determining abs olute age of a rock: Radioactivity What is a paleosoil-An ancient soil Sedimentary rocks are most accurately dated using: Fossils In shallow water sediments: there are many time gaps If strata are vertical: tilting has occurredFour primary geological ears are: Precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoi and Cenzsoic Relative age is determined mainly using fossils what is needed before doing this: evolutionary sequence Where is carbon 14 primarily produced: Earths atmosphere The evolutionary sequence of an organism is normally found by applying: principle of superposition The limbs of a syncline: Dip towards the center of the fold Forces that cause folding can also force: thrust faults Folding of rocks can occur: at great depths only Alps formed mainly as a result of : continental collision An inactive continental margin is found in: Nova Scotia The beds at the core of an aniticline are: Oldest and bowed downward Denudation means: eroding and exposing deep-seated rocksOlder rocks are generally e xposed at the centre of the eroded: anticline The miogeosyncline of a mountain chain is: Thrust faults Strike-slip faults move mainly-Horizontal The deepest earthquakes occur at a depth of about: 700 km Orogenesis: The formation of mountains A joint is: a fracture plane where motion has not occurred Mid-oceanic ridges are locations of: Formation of new crust Where is the earths crust thickest: Beneath mountainous regions The apls are higher than the Appalachians because: they are younger Dip and strike are: ways to measure deformed bed The average thickness of the oceanic crust is about: 8km The crustal plates movement is measured in: cm/year Inactive continental margins have considerable: sedimentation